c77_secure_db/SECURITY.md

# Security Policy

## 🛡️ **Our Security Commitment**

The c77_secure_db extension is designed with security as the primary concern. This document outlines our security policies, vulnerability reporting procedures, and the security architecture of the extension.

## 🚨 **Reporting Security Vulnerabilities**

### **Please DO NOT report security vulnerabilities through public GitHub issues.**

If you discover a security vulnerability in c77_secure_db, please report it responsibly:

### **Preferred Reporting Method**
- **Email**: [security@yourcompany.com](mailto:security@yourcompany.com)
- **Subject**: `[SECURITY] c77_secure_db Vulnerability Report`
- **Encryption**: Use our PGP key if possible (key ID: YOUR_PGP_KEY_ID)

### **What to Include**
1. **Description**: Clear description of the vulnerability
2. **Steps to Reproduce**: Detailed steps to reproduce the issue
3. **Impact Assessment**: Your assessment of the potential impact
4. **Proof of Concept**: If available, a proof-of-concept (responsibly disclosed)
5. **Suggested Fix**: If you have ideas for remediation
6. **Contact Information**: How we can reach you for follow-up

### **Response Timeline**
- **Initial Response**: Within 24 hours of report
- **Vulnerability Assessment**: Within 72 hours
- **Fix Development**: Timeline varies based on severity
- **Security Advisory**: Published after fix is available

### **Responsible Disclosure**
We request that you:
- Give us reasonable time to address the issue before public disclosure
- Avoid accessing or modifying data that doesn't belong to you
- Don't perform actions that could harm the availability of the service
- Only test against your own installations

## 🔐 **Security Architecture**

### **Multi-Layer Security Model**

c77_secure_db implements defense-in-depth with multiple security layers:

#### **Layer 1: Trigger Protection**
- **Purpose**: Prevent all direct database modifications
- **Mechanism**: PostgreSQL triggers on all protected tables
- **Coverage**: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE operations
- **Bypass Prevention**: Cannot be disabled without superuser access

#### **Layer 2: Token Authorization**
- **Purpose**: Authorize legitimate operations
- **Mechanism**: Short-lived, single-use authorization tokens
- **Token Lifespan**: 5 seconds maximum
- **Session Binding**: Tokens tied to specific database sessions
- **Replay Prevention**: Single-use tokens prevent replay attacks

#### **Layer 3: Content Integrity**
- **Purpose**: Detect unauthorized data modifications
- **Mechanism**: SHA-256 cryptographic hashing
- **Coverage**: All business data (excluding system columns)
- **Verification**: On-demand and scheduled integrity checks

#### **Layer 4: Audit Trail**
- **Purpose**: Complete operation logging for forensics
- **Coverage**: All secure operations, successes and failures
- **Retention**: Configurable retention periods for compliance
- **Immutability**: Audit logs protected by same security layers

#### **Layer 5: Access Control (Optional)**
- **Purpose**: Role-based permission enforcement
- **Integration**: c77_rbac extension for advanced permissions
- **Granularity**: Feature-based and scope-based access control
- **Fallback**: Secure operation without RBAC if not available

### **Threat Model**

#### **Threats Mitigated**

| Threat Category | Mitigation Strategy | Security Layer |
|----------------|-------------------|----------------|
| **SQL Injection** | Trigger protection blocks direct SQL | Layer 1 |
| **Application Bypass** | Token validation required for all operations | Layer 2 |
| **Data Tampering** | Content hash verification detects changes | Layer 3 |
| **Replay Attacks** | Single-use, time-limited tokens | Layer 2 |
| **Session Hijacking** | Session-specific token binding | Layer 2 |
| **Privilege Escalation** | Controlled function execution with SECURITY DEFINER | All Layers |
| **Audit Log Tampering** | Audit data protected by same security layers | Layer 4 |
| **Unauthorized Access** | RBAC integration with scope-based permissions | Layer 5 |

#### **Assumptions**

Our security model assumes:
- PostgreSQL superuser access is properly controlled
- Database network communication is encrypted (TLS)
- Application servers are reasonably secure
- System administrators follow security best practices
- Regular security updates are applied

#### **Known Limitations**

- **PostgreSQL Superuser**: Can bypass all protections (by design)
- **Physical Access**: Direct file system access can compromise data
- **Memory Dumps**: Active tokens might be visible in memory dumps
- **Time Synchronization**: Token expiration depends on accurate system time
- **Extension Dependencies**: Security depends on pgcrypto extension integrity

### **Cryptographic Details**

#### **Content Hashing**
- **Algorithm**: SHA-256
- **Input**: Sorted key-value pairs of business data
- **Salt**: None (deterministic hashing for verification)
- **Exclusions**: System columns (timestamps, hashes, etc.)
- **Performance**: Optimized for production workloads

#### **Token Generation**
- **Source**: PostgreSQL's `gen_random_uuid()` function
- **Entropy**: Based on system randomness
- **Format**: UUID v4 standard
- **Storage**: Temporary database table with automatic cleanup

## 🔒 **Security Controls**

### **Access Controls**

#### **Installation Requirements**
- **Superuser Required**: Initial installation requires PostgreSQL superuser
- **Post-Installation**: Regular users can operate with granted roles

#### **Runtime Permissions**
- **c77_secure_db_readonly**: Read-only operations (freshness checks, health monitoring)
- **c77_secure_db_user**: Standard secure operations (insert, update, delete)
- **c77_secure_db_admin**: Administrative functions (hash verification, schema management)

#### **RBAC Integration**
- **Optional**: Works with or without c77_rbac extension
- **Granular**: Feature-based permissions (secure_db_insert, secure_db_update, etc.)
- **Scoped**: Department, region, or custom scope-based access
- **Audited**: All RBAC decisions logged in audit trail

### **Data Protection**

#### **Data at Rest**
- **Database Files**: Protected by PostgreSQL's standard file permissions
- **Hash Storage**: Content hashes stored alongside data in same security context
- **Audit Logs**: Subject to same database security as operational data
- **Tokens**: Automatically purged expired tokens (default: daily cleanup)

#### **Data in Transit**
- **Application to Database**: Use PostgreSQL TLS connections
- **Token Transmission**: Tokens transmitted via secure database session
- **Audit Data**: Logged locally within database, no network transmission

#### **Data Processing**
- **Hash Calculation**: Performed within database using pgcrypto
- **Token Validation**: Atomic database operations with automatic cleanup
- **Operation Logging**: Immediate logging within same transaction context

### **Monitoring and Alerting**

#### **Security Monitoring**
```sql
-- Key security metrics to monitor
SELECT 
    'Error Rate' as metric,
    count(*) FILTER (WHERE success = false)::numeric / count(*) * 100 as percentage
FROM c77_secure_db_operation_audit 
WHERE created_at > now() - interval '1 hour';

-- Token anomalies
SELECT count(*) as active_tokens 
FROM c77_secure_db_auth_tokens 
WHERE expires_at > now();

-- Unusual access patterns
SELECT user_name, count(*) as operations
FROM c77_secure_db_operation_audit 
WHERE created_at > now() - interval '1 hour'
GROUP BY user_name
HAVING count(*) > 100;
```

#### **Recommended Alerts**
- **Error Rate > 5%**: Indicates potential security issues or attacks
- **Active Tokens > 100**: May indicate token cleanup problems
- **Hash Mismatches**: Critical security alert requiring immediate investigation
- **Off-Hours Activity**: Unusual activity outside business hours
- **Repeated Failures**: Multiple failed operations from same user

## 🔄 **Security Update Process**

### **Severity Classification**

#### **Critical (CVSS 9.0-10.0)**
- **Timeline**: Patch within 24-48 hours
- **Examples**: Authentication bypass, data corruption, privilege escalation
- **Response**: Emergency release, immediate security advisory

#### **High (CVSS 7.0-8.9)**
- **Timeline**: Patch within 1 week
- **Examples**: Information disclosure, denial of service
- **Response**: Priority release, security advisory

#### **Medium (CVSS 4.0-6.9)**
- **Timeline**: Patch within 30 days
- **Examples**: Less severe information disclosure, limited DoS
- **Response**: Regular release cycle, documented in changelog

#### **Low (CVSS 0.1-3.9)**
- **Timeline**: Next regular release
- **Examples**: Minor information disclosure, edge cases
- **Response**: Standard release process

### **Update Distribution**

#### **Security Advisories**
- **Format**: GitHub Security Advisories
- **Content**: CVE ID, affected versions, mitigation steps, upgrade instructions
- **Distribution**: GitHub, mailing list, website

#### **Patch Releases**
- **Naming**: Increment patch version (e.g., 2.0 → 2.0.1)
- **Content**: Security fixes only, minimal functional changes
- **Testing**: Automated security test suite must pass
- **Backwards Compatibility**: Maintained unless security requires breaking changes

#### **Upgrade Instructions**
```sql
-- Security update process
-- 1. Backup your database
pg_dump your_database > backup_before_security_update.sql

-- 2. Install new extension files
sudo cp c77_secure_db--2.0.1.sql $(pg_config --sharedir)/extension/

-- 3. Update extension
ALTER EXTENSION c77_secure_db UPDATE TO '2.0.1';

-- 4. Verify security update
SELECT c77_secure_db_run_all_tests();
-- Must return: "overall_status": "ALL_TESTS_PASSED"

-- 5. Check health after update
SELECT c77_secure_db_health_check();
```

## 📋 **Compliance and Standards**

### **Security Standards Alignment**

#### **NIST Cybersecurity Framework**
- **Identify**: Asset inventory, risk assessment procedures
- **Protect**: Access controls, data security, protective technology
- **Detect**: Security monitoring, anomaly detection
- **Respond**: Incident response procedures, forensic capabilities
- **Recover**: Recovery planning, backup and restore procedures

#### **OWASP Guidelines**
- **A01 Broken Access Control**: Prevented by trigger protection and RBAC
- **A02 Cryptographic Failures**: SHA-256 hashing with proper implementation
- **A03 Injection**: SQL injection prevented by trigger layer
- **A08 Software Integrity Failures**: Content hash verification
- **A09 Security Logging**: Comprehensive audit trail

#### **Database Security Best Practices**
- **Principle of Least Privilege**: Granular role-based permissions
- **Defense in Depth**: Multiple security layers
- **Audit Logging**: Complete operation trail
- **Data Integrity**: Cryptographic verification
- **Access Controls**: Authentication and authorization

### **Regulatory Considerations**

#### **HIPAA (Healthcare)**
- **Administrative Safeguards**: Access management, audit procedures
- **Physical Safeguards**: Database server protection (external to extension)
- **Technical Safeguards**: Access controls, audit logs, data integrity

#### **SOX (Financial)**
- **Internal Controls**: Automated security controls, segregation of duties
- **Audit Trail**: Complete transaction logging with timestamps
- **Data Integrity**: Hash verification for financial data

#### **GDPR (Privacy)**
- **Data Protection**: Encryption at rest and in transit (implementation-dependent)
- **Audit Requirements**: Complete processing logs
- **Right to Deletion**: Secure deletion capabilities (soft delete support)

## 🔍 **Security Testing**

### **Automated Security Tests**

The extension includes comprehensive security tests:

```sql
-- Run complete security test suite
SELECT c77_secure_db_run_all_tests();

-- Specific security tests
SELECT c77_secure_db_test_security();

-- RBAC integration tests  
SELECT c77_secure_db_test_rbac_integration();
```

#### **Test Coverage**
- **Bypass Prevention**: Attempts to circumvent trigger protection
- **Token Security**: Token expiration, single-use validation, session binding
- **Hash Integrity**: Content hash calculation and verification
- **RBAC Integration**: Permission enforcement, scope validation
- **Error Handling**: Security-relevant error conditions
- **Performance**: Security overhead measurement

### **Security Validation Requirements**

#### **Pre-Release Testing**
- [ ] All security tests pass with 100% success rate
- [ ] No bypass vulnerabilities identified
- [ ] Performance impact within acceptable limits
- [ ] RBAC integration functions correctly
- [ ] Error handling doesn't leak sensitive information
- [ ] Audit logging captures all required events

#### **Production Deployment Validation**
```sql
-- Mandatory post-deployment security check
DO $
DECLARE
    v_test_results jsonb;
BEGIN
    -- Run security tests
    SELECT c77_secure_db_run_all_tests() INTO v_test_results;
    
    -- Verify all tests passed
    IF (v_test_results->>'overall_status') != 'ALL_TESTS_PASSED' THEN
        RAISE EXCEPTION 'DEPLOYMENT FAILED: Security tests did not pass. Status: %', 
            v_test_results->>'overall_status'
            USING HINT = 'Do not use in production until all security tests pass';
    END IF;
    
    RAISE NOTICE 'Security validation passed - extension ready for production use';
END $;
```

## 🚨 **Incident Response**

### **Security Incident Classifications**

#### **P0 - Critical Security Breach**
- **Definition**: Active exploitation, data compromise, or system compromise
- **Response Time**: Immediate (< 1 hour)
- **Actions**: 
  - Isolate affected systems
  - Preserve forensic evidence
  - Notify security team and management
  - Begin incident response procedures

#### **P1 - High Security Risk**
- **Definition**: Vulnerability discovered, attempted exploitation, or suspicious activity
- **Response Time**: Within 4 hours
- **Actions**:
  - Assess impact and risk
  - Implement temporary mitigations
  - Begin patch development
  - Monitor for exploitation attempts

#### **P2 - Medium Security Issue**
- **Definition**: Lower-risk vulnerability or security concern
- **Response Time**: Within 24 hours
- **Actions**:
  - Document and prioritize
  - Plan remediation
  - Schedule fix in next release cycle

### **Forensic Capabilities**

#### **Audit Trail Analysis**
```sql
-- Incident investigation queries
-- Identify suspicious activity patterns
SELECT 
    user_name,
    operation_type,
    count(*) as frequency,
    min(created_at) as first_occurrence,
    max(created_at) as last_occurrence,
    array_agg(DISTINCT error_message) FILTER (WHERE success = false) as errors
FROM c77_secure_db_operation_audit 
WHERE created_at BETWEEN 'incident_start_time' AND 'incident_end_time'
GROUP BY user_name, operation_type
ORDER BY frequency DESC;

-- Hash verification for tampered data
SELECT c77_secure_db_verify_content_hashes('affected_schema', 'affected_table');

-- Token analysis during incident window
SELECT 
    session_id,
    operation_type,
    count(*) as token_count,
    min(created_at) as first_token,
    max(expires_at) as last_expiry
FROM c77_secure_db_auth_tokens 
WHERE created_at BETWEEN 'incident_start_time' AND 'incident_end_time'
GROUP BY session_id, operation_type;
```

#### **Evidence Preservation**
- **Audit Logs**: Immutable record of all operations
- **Hash Values**: Cryptographic proof of data state
- **Token Records**: Authorization trail for forensic analysis
- **System Logs**: PostgreSQL logs with detailed operation information

## 📞 **Security Contacts**

### **Security Team**
- **Primary Contact**: security@yourcompany.com
- **Response Time**: 24 hours maximum
- **Escalation**: Available for critical issues

### **Development Team**
- **Technical Contact**: developers@yourcompany.com
- **Availability**: Business hours
- **Expertise**: Extension architecture and implementation

### **Emergency Contacts**
- **After Hours**: emergency@yourcompany.com
- **Critical Issues**: Available 24/7
- **Response**: Within 1 hour for P0 incidents

## 📚 **Additional Resources**

### **Security Documentation**
- **[BEST_PRACTICES.md](BEST_PRACTICES.md)**: Comprehensive security best practices
- **[USAGE.md](USAGE.md)**: Security-focused usage examples
- **[EXAMPLES.md](EXAMPLES.md)**: Secure implementation patterns

### **External Resources**
- **PostgreSQL Security**: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/security.html
- **OWASP Database Security**: https://owasp.org/www-project-database-security/
- **NIST Cybersecurity Framework**: https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework

### **Security Tools**
- **pgaudit**: PostgreSQL auditing extension
- **pg_stat_statements**: Query performance and security monitoring
- **log_statement**: PostgreSQL statement logging for security analysis

---

## 📄 **Security Policy Updates**

This security policy is reviewed quarterly and updated as needed to reflect:
- New threats and vulnerabilities
- Changes in security best practices
- Updates to compliance requirements
- Lessons learned from security incidents

**Last Updated**: January 2025  
**Next Review**: April 2025  
**Version**: 2.0