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c77_rbac v1.1

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Database-Level Authorization_ A New Paradigm for Enterprise Security - c77_rbac White Paper.pdf Normal file
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# C77 RBAC Version 1.1 Improvements Summary
## Critical Issues Addressed
### ✅ 1. Enhanced Error Handling
**Problem**: Basic validation with generic error messages
**Solution**:
- Comprehensive input validation with helpful error messages
- Specific error codes (`invalid_parameter_value`)
- Contextual hints for troubleshooting
- Trimming of input parameters to handle whitespace issues
- Better exception handling with more specific error paths
### ✅ 2. Bulk Operations Added
**Problem**: No batch assignment capabilities for large-scale operations
**Solution**:
- New `c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects()` function
- Returns detailed results table showing success/failure for each user
- Processes arrays of external_ids efficiently
- Provides summary statistics of successes vs failures
### ✅ 3. Removal/Revoke Functions Added
**Problem**: Could only add roles/features, not remove them
**Solution**:
- `c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role()` - Remove role assignments from users
- `c77_rbac_revoke_feature()` - Remove features from roles
- Both functions return boolean indicating if anything was actually removed
- Informative notices about what was or wasn't found to remove
### ✅ 4. Admin Sync Functions Implemented
**Problem**: Functions referenced in documentation but not implemented
**Solution**:
- `c77_rbac_sync_admin_features()` - Grants all existing features to 'admin' role
- `c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features()` - Grants all features to roles with global/all scope
- Both functions return count of operations performed
- Essential for maintaining admin privileges as new features are added
### ✅ 5. Performance Optimizations
**Problem**: Potential performance issues with large datasets
**Solution**:
- Added hash index on `external_id` for faster lookups
- New composite index on `subject_roles` for common query patterns
- `c77_rbac_can_access_optimized()` function with improved query structure
- Original function now calls optimized version for backward compatibility
- Added timestamps to track when roles/features were assigned
### ✅ 6. Enhanced Policy Application
**Problem**: Limited validation when applying RLS policies
**Solution**:
- Table existence validation before applying policies
- Column existence validation
- Better error messages with specific hints
- Automatic cleanup of existing policies before creating new ones
- More informative success messages
## New Features Added
### 📊 Management and Reporting Functions
- `c77_rbac_get_user_roles(external_id)` - Get all roles for a specific user
- `c77_rbac_get_role_features(role_name)` - Get all features for a specific role
- Both include timestamp information for audit purposes
### 📈 Administrative Views
- `c77_rbac_user_permissions` - Comprehensive view showing all user permissions
- `c77_rbac_summary` - High-level statistics about the RBAC system
- Both views are optimized for reporting and monitoring
### 🔍 Enhanced Validation
- Standard scope type validation with warnings (not errors) for non-standard types
- Support for common scope types: global, department, region, court, program, project, team, customer, tenant
- Input trimming to handle whitespace issues gracefully
## Database Schema Enhancements
### New Columns Added
- `created_at` timestamp columns on `subject_roles` and `role_features` tables
- Enables audit tracking and troubleshooting
### New Indexes for Performance
```sql
-- Hash index for external_id lookups
idx_c77_rbac_subjects_external_id_hash
-- Composite index for common access patterns
idx_c77_rbac_subject_roles_composite
```
## Upgrade Path
### From Version 1.0 to 1.1
- **Upgrade Script**: `c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql` provides seamless upgrade
- **Backward Compatibility**: All existing functions continue to work
- **New Functions**: Available immediately after upgrade
- **Data Preservation**: No data loss during upgrade process
### Installation Options
1. **Fresh Install**: Use `c77_rbac--1.1.sql` for new installations
2. **Upgrade Existing**: Use upgrade script to go from 1.0 → 1.1
3. **Control File**: Updated to default_version = '1.1'
## Court System Specific Benefits
### Enhanced for Court Education System
- Validation includes 'court' and 'program' as standard scope types
- Bulk operations essential for enrolling multiple participants
- Removal functions needed for program completions and transfers
- Admin sync critical for maintaining court administrator privileges
### Example Usage for Court System
```sql
-- Bulk enroll participants in a program
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
ARRAY['1001','1002','1003','1004','1005'],
'participant',
'program',
'dui_education'
);
-- Remove participant who completed program
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role(
'1001', 'participant', 'program', 'dui_education'
);
-- Sync new court features to admin
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
```
## Security Improvements
### Input Sanitization
- All text inputs are trimmed to remove leading/trailing whitespace
- Comprehensive NULL and empty string checking
- Proper error codes for different validation failures
### Function Security
- All functions use SECURITY DEFINER for consistent privilege escalation
- Read-only table access enforced (modifications only through functions)
- Comprehensive permission grants for new functions
### Audit Capabilities
- Timestamp tracking on all role assignments and feature grants
- Views provide easy access to audit information
- Summary statistics help identify potential security issues
## Testing Recommendations
### Validation Testing
```sql
-- Test error handling
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('', 'role', 'scope', 'id'); -- Should fail
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(NULL, 'role', 'scope', 'id'); -- Should fail
-- Test bulk operations
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
ARRAY['test1', 'test2', 'invalid', 'test3'],
'test_role', 'department', 'testing'
);
-- Test removal functions
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('test1', 'test_role', 'department', 'testing');
```
### Performance Testing
```sql
-- Test optimized access function
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access_optimized('test_feature', '123', 'department', 'sales');
-- Compare with original function (should be same plan)
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('test_feature', '123', 'department', 'sales');
```
## Migration Checklist
### For Production Deployment
- [ ] Backup existing database
- [ ] Test upgrade script on development copy
- [ ] Verify all existing functionality still works
- [ ] Test new bulk operations with sample data
- [ ] Validate error handling improvements
- [ ] Check performance of optimized functions
- [ ] Update application code to use new functions where beneficial
- [ ] Update documentation and training materials
### Rollback Plan
If issues are encountered:
1. Restore from backup (safest option)
2. Or manually drop new functions and views
3. Revert control file to version 1.0
4. Extension will continue working with 1.0 functionality
## Next Steps
With these improvements, the c77_rbac extension is now production-ready for the court education system. The major gaps identified in the production readiness plan have been addressed:
1. ✅ **Enhanced Error Handling** - Comprehensive validation and helpful error messages
2. ✅ **Bulk Operations** - Essential for large-scale user management
3. ✅ **Removal Functions** - Complete CRUD operations for roles and features
4. ✅ **Admin Management** - Automated feature syncing for administrators
5. ✅ **Performance Optimization** - Better indexes and query optimization
6. ✅ **Audit Support** - Timestamp tracking and reporting views
The extension now provides enterprise-grade functionality suitable for the court system's security and compliance requirements.

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# c77_rbac PostgreSQL Extension - Installation Guide
This comprehensive guide covers all aspects of installing and upgrading the c77_rbac extension, with detailed examples for different scenarios.
## Table of Contents
1. [Prerequisites](#prerequisites)
2. [Installation Overview](#installation-overview)
3. [Fresh Installation (Version 1.1)](#fresh-installation-version-11)
4. [Upgrading from Version 1.0](#upgrading-from-version-10)
5. [Post-Installation Verification](#post-installation-verification)
6. [Initial Configuration](#initial-configuration)
7. [Troubleshooting Installation Issues](#troubleshooting-installation-issues)
8. [Uninstallation](#uninstallation)
9. [Production Deployment Checklist](#production-deployment-checklist)
## Prerequisites
### System Requirements
- **PostgreSQL**: Version 14 or later
- **Operating System**: Linux (Ubuntu, CentOS, RHEL, Debian), macOS, or Windows
- **Privileges**: PostgreSQL superuser access for installation
- **Disk Space**: Minimal (< 1MB for extension files)
### Required Access Levels
1. **System Administrator**: Access to copy files to PostgreSQL extension directory
2. **Database Superuser**: To create the extension and grant privileges
3. **Application User**: Regular database user for your application
### Identify Your PostgreSQL Version and Paths
```bash
# Check PostgreSQL version
psql --version
# or
sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
# Find PostgreSQL installation directory
pg_config --sharedir
# Example output: /usr/share/postgresql/14
# Find extension directory
pg_config --sharedir
# Extension directory will be: /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
```
## Installation Overview
### File Structure
The c77_rbac extension consists of these files:
```
c77_rbac.control # Extension metadata (version, dependencies)
c77_rbac--1.1.sql # Fresh installation SQL script
c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql # Upgrade script (1.0 → 1.1)
```
### Installation Paths
Choose the appropriate installation method:
- **Fresh Installation**: Use `c77_rbac--1.1.sql` directly
- **Upgrade from 1.0**: Use `c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql` upgrade script
## Fresh Installation (Version 1.1)
### Step 1: Download and Prepare Files
Download the extension files to a temporary directory:
```bash
# Create temporary directory
mkdir ~/c77_rbac_install
cd ~/c77_rbac_install
# Download files (replace with your actual download method)
wget https://github.com/yourusername/c77_rbac/releases/download/v1.1/c77_rbac.control
wget https://github.com/yourusername/c77_rbac/releases/download/v1.1/c77_rbac--1.1.sql
# Verify files downloaded
ls -la
# Should show:
# c77_rbac.control
# c77_rbac--1.1.sql
```
### Step 2: Copy Files to PostgreSQL Extension Directory
**For Ubuntu/Debian:**
```bash
# Find the correct PostgreSQL version directory
PG_VERSION=$(pg_config --version | sed 's/PostgreSQL \([0-9]\+\).*/\1/')
echo "PostgreSQL version: $PG_VERSION"
# Copy files (requires sudo)
sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_VERSION/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.1.sql /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_VERSION/extension/
# Verify files copied correctly
ls -la /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_VERSION/extension/c77_rbac*
```
**For CentOS/RHEL/Rocky Linux:**
```bash
# Find PostgreSQL version
PG_VERSION=$(pg_config --version | sed 's/PostgreSQL \([0-9]\+\).*/\1/')
# Copy files
sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/pgsql-$PG_VERSION/share/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.1.sql /usr/pgsql-$PG_VERSION/share/extension/
# Verify
ls -la /usr/pgsql-$PG_VERSION/share/extension/c77_rbac*
```
**For macOS (with Homebrew):**
```bash
# Find Homebrew PostgreSQL path
PG_CONFIG_PATH=$(which pg_config)
PG_SHARE_DIR=$(pg_config --sharedir)
# Copy files
sudo cp c77_rbac.control $PG_SHARE_DIR/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.1.sql $PG_SHARE_DIR/extension/
# Verify
ls -la $PG_SHARE_DIR/extension/c77_rbac*
```
### Step 3: Create Database and Users
Connect as PostgreSQL superuser:
```bash
# Connect as postgres superuser
sudo -u postgres psql
```
Create your application database and users:
```sql
-- Create application database
CREATE DATABASE myapp_production;
-- Create application user with secure password
CREATE USER myapp_user WITH
PASSWORD 'your_very_secure_password_here'
NOSUPERUSER
NOCREATEDB
NOCREATEROLE;
-- Optional: Create read-only user for reporting
CREATE USER myapp_readonly WITH
PASSWORD 'readonly_secure_password'
NOSUPERUSER
NOCREATEDB
NOCREATEROLE;
-- List databases to verify
\l
```
### Step 4: Install the Extension
Connect to your application database:
```sql
-- Connect to your database
\c myapp_production
```
Install the c77_rbac extension:
```sql
-- Install extension (this creates all tables, functions, views)
CREATE EXTENSION c77_rbac;
-- Verify installation
SELECT extname, extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';
-- Should show: c77_rbac | 1.1
```
### Step 5: Grant Privileges to Application User
Grant necessary privileges to your application user:
```sql
-- Grant database-level privileges
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE myapp_production TO myapp_user;
GRANT CREATE ON DATABASE myapp_production TO myapp_user;
-- Grant schema usage
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO myapp_user;
-- Grant table privileges (read-only, modifications through functions)
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO myapp_user;
GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public TO myapp_user;
-- Grant function execution privileges
GRANT EXECUTE ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA public TO myapp_user;
-- Set default privileges for future objects
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public
GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO myapp_user;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public
GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTIONS TO myapp_user;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public
GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON SEQUENCES TO myapp_user;
-- For readonly user (optional)
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE myapp_production TO myapp_readonly;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO myapp_readonly;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO myapp_readonly;
GRANT SELECT ON public.c77_rbac_user_permissions TO myapp_readonly;
GRANT SELECT ON public.c77_rbac_summary TO myapp_readonly;
```
### Step 6: Verify Installation
Test the installation:
```sql
-- Check extension is installed
SELECT extname, extversion, extrelocatable FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';
-- Check tables were created
\dt public.c77_rbac_*
-- Check functions were created
\df public.c77_rbac_*
-- Check views were created
\dv public.c77_rbac_*
-- Test basic functionality
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('test_role', 'test_feature');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('test_user', 'test_role', 'global', 'all');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('test_feature', 'test_user', 'global', 'all');
-- Should return: true
-- Clean up test data
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('test_user', 'test_role', 'global', 'all');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_feature('test_role', 'test_feature');
```
## Upgrading from Version 1.0
### Pre-Upgrade Checklist
1. **Backup your database:**
```bash
pg_dump -U postgres -h localhost myapp_production > backup_before_upgrade.sql
```
2. **Verify current version:**
```sql
SELECT extname, extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';
-- Should show: c77_rbac | 1.0
```
3. **Check for dependencies:**
```sql
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_show_dependencies();
```
### Step 1: Download Upgrade Files
```bash
# Create upgrade directory
mkdir ~/c77_rbac_upgrade
cd ~/c77_rbac_upgrade
# Download upgrade files
wget https://github.com/yourusername/c77_rbac/releases/download/v1.1/c77_rbac.control
wget https://github.com/yourusername/c77_rbac/releases/download/v1.1/c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql
# Optional: Download full 1.1 script for reference
wget https://github.com/yourusername/c77_rbac/releases/download/v1.1/c77_rbac--1.1.sql
```
### Step 2: Copy Upgrade Files
```bash
# Find PostgreSQL directory
PG_VERSION=$(pg_config --version | sed 's/PostgreSQL \([0-9]\+\).*/\1/')
# Copy files (Ubuntu/Debian)
sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_VERSION/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_VERSION/extension/
# For CentOS/RHEL, use:
# sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/pgsql-$PG_VERSION/share/extension/
# sudo cp c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql /usr/pgsql-$PG_VERSION/share/extension/
# Verify files
ls -la /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_VERSION/extension/c77_rbac*
# Should show:
# c77_rbac.control
# c77_rbac--1.0.sql (existing)
# c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql (new)
```
### Step 3: Perform the Upgrade
Connect to your database as superuser:
```bash
sudo -u postgres psql -d myapp_production
```
Execute the upgrade:
```sql
-- Check current version
SELECT extname, extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';
-- Perform upgrade
ALTER EXTENSION c77_rbac UPDATE TO '1.1';
-- Verify upgrade
SELECT extname, extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';
-- Should now show: c77_rbac | 1.1
```
### Step 4: Verify Upgrade Success
Test new functionality:
```sql
-- Test new bulk assignment function
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
ARRAY['user1', 'user2', 'user3'],
'test_role',
'department',
'engineering'
);
-- Test new management views
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_summary;
-- Test new utility functions
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('user1');
-- Test admin sync function
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
-- Clean up test data
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('user1', 'test_role', 'department', 'engineering');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('user2', 'test_role', 'department', 'engineering');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('user3', 'test_role', 'department', 'engineering');
```
### Step 5: Update Application Code
After successful upgrade, you can now use new features in your application:
```php
// Laravel example - using new bulk operations
$userIds = ['1001', '1002', '1003', '1004', '1005'];
$results = DB::select("
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(?, ?, ?, ?)
", [json_encode($userIds), 'student', 'program', 'dui_education']);
foreach ($results as $result) {
if (!$result->success) {
Log::warning("Failed to assign role to user {$result->external_id}: {$result->error_message}");
}
}
```
## Post-Installation Verification
### Comprehensive Testing Script
Create a test script to verify all functionality:
```sql
-- test_c77_rbac_installation.sql
\echo 'Testing c77_rbac installation...'
-- Test 1: Basic feature granting
\echo 'Test 1: Feature granting'
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', 'manage_users');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('manager', 'view_reports');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'view_own_data');
-- Test 2: Role assignment
\echo 'Test 2: Role assignment'
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('admin_user', 'admin', 'global', 'all');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('dept_manager', 'manager', 'department', 'sales');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('employee_1', 'employee', 'department', 'sales');
-- Test 3: Bulk assignment (v1.1 feature)
\echo 'Test 3: Bulk assignment'
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
ARRAY['emp_1', 'emp_2', 'emp_3'],
'employee',
'department',
'engineering'
);
-- Test 4: Permission checking
\echo 'Test 4: Permission checking'
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_users', 'admin_user', 'global', 'all') as admin_can_manage;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_reports', 'dept_manager', 'department', 'sales') as manager_can_view;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_users', 'employee_1', 'department', 'sales') as employee_cannot_manage;
-- Test 5: Management views (v1.1 feature)
\echo 'Test 5: Management views'
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_summary;
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('admin_user');
-- Test 6: Admin sync (v1.1 feature)
\echo 'Test 6: Admin sync'
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
-- Test 7: Removal functions (v1.1 feature)
\echo 'Test 7: Removal functions'
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('emp_1', 'employee', 'department', 'engineering');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_feature('employee', 'temporary_feature');
-- Cleanup
\echo 'Cleaning up test data...'
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles;
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features;
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects;
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_roles;
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_features;
\echo 'Installation test complete!'
```
Run the test:
```bash
sudo -u postgres psql -d myapp_production -f test_c77_rbac_installation.sql
```
### Performance Testing
Test with larger datasets:
```sql
-- Performance test script
DO $$
DECLARE
start_time TIMESTAMP;
end_time TIMESTAMP;
i INTEGER;
BEGIN
start_time := clock_timestamp();
-- Create test features
FOR i IN 1..100 LOOP
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('perf_role', 'feature_' || i);
END LOOP;
end_time := clock_timestamp();
RAISE NOTICE 'Feature creation time: %', end_time - start_time;
start_time := clock_timestamp();
-- Test bulk assignment
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
array_agg('user_' || generate_series),
'perf_role',
'department',
'performance_test'
) FROM generate_series(1, 1000);
end_time := clock_timestamp();
RAISE NOTICE 'Bulk assignment time (1000 users): %', end_time - start_time;
start_time := clock_timestamp();
-- Test permission checking
FOR i IN 1..100 LOOP
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_can_access('feature_1', 'user_' || i, 'department', 'performance_test');
END LOOP;
end_time := clock_timestamp();
RAISE NOTICE 'Permission check time (100 checks): %', end_time - start_time;
END $$;
```
## Initial Configuration
### Example: Court Education System Setup
After installation, configure for your specific use case:
```sql
-- court_system_setup.sql
-- Step 1: Create court-specific roles and features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_admin', 'manage_all_programs');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_admin', 'view_all_participants');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_admin', 'generate_court_reports');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_admin', 'manage_users');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('judge', 'view_court_participants');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('judge', 'approve_completions');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('judge', 'access_court_reports');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_clerk', 'enroll_participants');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_clerk', 'view_court_participants');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_clerk', 'update_participant_info');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('program_coordinator', 'manage_programs');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('program_coordinator', 'view_program_participants');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('program_coordinator', 'update_progress');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('counselor', 'view_assigned_participants');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('counselor', 'update_progress');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('counselor', 'mark_attendance');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('participant', 'view_own_progress');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('participant', 'access_program_materials');
-- Step 2: Sync admin features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
-- Step 3: Assign initial users
-- System administrator
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('1', 'court_admin', 'global', 'all');
-- County Superior Court judge
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('101', 'judge', 'court', 'county_superior');
-- Court clerk for county superior
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('201', 'court_clerk', 'court', 'county_superior');
-- DUI program coordinator
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('301', 'program_coordinator', 'program', 'dui_education');
-- Step 4: Apply security policies to tables (after creating your tables)
-- SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy('participants', 'view_court_participants', 'court', 'assigned_court');
-- SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy('participant_progress', 'view_own_progress', 'participant', 'participant_id');
-- SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy('programs', 'manage_programs', 'program', 'program_type');
-- Step 5: Verify setup
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_summary;
```
### Laravel Environment Configuration
Update your `.env` file:
```ini
DB_CONNECTION=pgsql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=5432
DB_DATABASE=myapp_production
DB_USERNAME=myapp_user
DB_PASSWORD=your_very_secure_password_here
# Optional: Enable query logging for debugging
DB_LOG_QUERIES=true
```
## Troubleshooting Installation Issues
### Common Installation Problems
#### Problem 1: Permission Denied Copying Files
**Error:**
```bash
cp: cannot create regular file '/usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/c77_rbac.control': Permission denied
```
**Solution:**
```bash
# Use sudo for copying files
sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
# Or change to postgres user temporarily
sudo su - postgres
cp /path/to/c77_rbac.control /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
exit
```
#### Problem 2: Extension Directory Not Found
**Error:**
```bash
cp: cannot stat '/usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/': No such file or directory
```
**Solution:**
```bash
# Find the correct PostgreSQL installation
pg_config --sharedir
# Or search for extension directories
find /usr -name "extension" -type d 2>/dev/null | grep postgresql
# Common locations:
# Ubuntu/Debian: /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
# CentOS/RHEL: /usr/pgsql-14/share/extension/
# macOS Homebrew: /opt/homebrew/share/postgresql@14/extension/
```
#### Problem 3: Extension Creation Fails
**Error:**
```sql
ERROR: could not open extension control file "/usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/c77_rbac.control": No such file or directory
```
**Solution:**
```bash
# Verify files are in correct location
ls -la /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/c77_rbac*
# Check file permissions
sudo chmod 644 /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/c77_rbac*
# Restart PostgreSQL if necessary
sudo systemctl restart postgresql
```
#### Problem 4: Upgrade Fails
**Error:**
```sql
ERROR: extension "c77_rbac" has no update path from version "1.0" to version "1.1"
```
**Solution:**
```bash
# Verify upgrade script exists
ls -la /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql
# Check control file has correct version
cat /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/c77_rbac.control
# Reload configuration
sudo systemctl reload postgresql
```
### Diagnostic Commands
```sql
-- Check extension status
SELECT * FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';
-- Check available versions
SELECT name, version, comment FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = 'c77_rbac';
-- Check update paths
SELECT * FROM pg_extension_update_paths('c77_rbac');
-- Verify tables exist
SELECT tablename FROM pg_tables WHERE tablename LIKE 'c77_rbac_%';
-- Check function permissions
SELECT routine_name, specific_name FROM information_schema.routines
WHERE routine_name LIKE 'c77_rbac_%';
```
### Log Analysis
Check PostgreSQL logs for detailed error information:
```bash
# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo tail -f /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-14-main.log
# CentOS/RHEL
sudo tail -f /var/lib/pgsql/14/data/log/postgresql-*.log
# macOS Homebrew
tail -f /opt/homebrew/var/log/postgresql@14.log
```
## Uninstallation
### Safe Uninstallation Process
1. **Check dependencies first:**
```sql
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_show_dependencies();
```
2. **Remove all RLS policies:**
```sql
SELECT public.c77_rbac_remove_all_policies();
```
3. **Optionally backup RBAC data:**
```sql
COPY (SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_user_permissions) TO '/tmp/rbac_backup.csv' CSV HEADER;
```
4. **Complete cleanup:**
```sql
SELECT public.c77_rbac_cleanup_for_removal(true); -- true = remove data
```
5. **Drop the extension:**
```sql
DROP EXTENSION c77_rbac CASCADE;
```
6. **Remove files from system:**
```bash
sudo rm /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/c77_rbac*
```
## Production Deployment Checklist
### Pre-Deployment
- [ ] **Database backup completed**
- [ ] **Extension files copied to production server**
- [ ] **PostgreSQL service restarted/reloaded**
- [ ] **Test environment upgrade successful**
- [ ] **Application code updated to handle new features**
- [ ] **Rollback plan prepared**
### Deployment Steps
- [ ] **Connect as superuser**
- [ ] **Install/upgrade extension**
- [ ] **Verify installation with test script**
- [ ] **Grant privileges to application users**
- [ ] **Configure initial roles and features**
- [ ] **Apply RLS policies to application tables**
- [ ] **Test application connectivity**
### Post-Deployment
- [ ] **Monitor PostgreSQL logs for errors**
- [ ] **Verify application functionality**
- [ ] **Check performance metrics**
- [ ] **Update monitoring alerts**
- [ ] **Document installation for team**
### Production Configuration Example
```bash
#!/bin/bash
# production_deploy.sh
set -e # Exit on any error
echo "Starting c77_rbac production deployment..."
# Backup database
pg_dump -U postgres -h localhost myapp_production > backup_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).sql
# Copy extension files
sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.1.sql /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
# Install extension
sudo -u postgres psql -d myapp_production -c "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS c77_rbac;"
# Verify installation
sudo -u postgres psql -d myapp_production -c "SELECT extname, extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';"
# Run initialization script
sudo -u postgres psql -d myapp_production -f court_system_setup.sql
echo "Deployment completed successfully!"
```
This installation guide provides comprehensive coverage of all installation scenarios with detailed examples and troubleshooting information. The step-by-step approach ensures successful deployment in any environment.

272
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@ -11,6 +11,20 @@ A PostgreSQL extension that provides Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) with Row-L
- **Framework Agnostic**: Works with any application framework (Laravel, Rails, Django, etc.)
- **Dynamic Schema Support**: Works with any PostgreSQL schema
- **Performance Optimized**: Includes indexes and efficient access checks
- **Bulk Operations**: High-performance batch assignment for large user bases
- **Complete CRUD**: Full create, read, update, delete operations for roles and permissions
- **Audit Support**: Timestamp tracking and comprehensive reporting views
## Version 1.1 Enhancements
🆕 **New in Version 1.1:**
- **Bulk Operations**: `c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects()` for batch user assignments
- **Removal Functions**: `c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role()` and `c77_rbac_revoke_feature()`
- **Admin Sync**: `c77_rbac_sync_admin_features()` and `c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features()`
- **Enhanced Error Handling**: Comprehensive validation with helpful error messages
- **Performance Optimization**: Better indexes and optimized query functions
- **Management Views**: `c77_rbac_user_permissions` and `c77_rbac_summary` for reporting
- **Audit Tracking**: Timestamps on all role assignments and feature grants
## Requirements
@ -19,10 +33,12 @@ A PostgreSQL extension that provides Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) with Row-L
## Installation
### New Installation (Recommended)
1. **Copy extension files to PostgreSQL directory:**
```bash
sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.0.sql /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.1.sql /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
```
2. **Install the extension (requires superuser):**
@ -42,6 +58,21 @@ A PostgreSQL extension that provides Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) with Row-L
GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public TO app_user;
```
### Upgrading from Version 1.0
If you have version 1.0 already installed:
1. **Copy upgrade files:**
```bash
sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
```
2. **Upgrade the extension:**
```sql
ALTER EXTENSION c77_rbac UPDATE TO '1.1';
```
## Core Concepts
### 1. Subjects (Users)
@ -69,21 +100,37 @@ SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('manager', 'view_reports');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('manager', 'edit_reports');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', 'manage_users');
-- Admin roles should have all specific features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', 'view_reports');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', 'edit_reports');
-- Sync all features to admin role automatically
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
```
### 2. Assign Users to Roles
```sql
-- Assign user to manager role for engineering department
-- Single assignment
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('123', 'manager', 'department', 'engineering');
-- Assign admin with global access
-- Bulk assignment (NEW in v1.1)
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
ARRAY['101','102','103','104','105'],
'employee',
'department',
'sales'
);
-- Global admin assignment
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('1', 'admin', 'global', 'all');
```
### 3. Apply Row-Level Security
### 3. Remove Role Assignments (NEW in v1.1)
```sql
-- Remove specific role assignment
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('123', 'manager', 'department', 'engineering');
-- Remove feature from role
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_feature('temp_role', 'temporary_access');
```
### 4. Apply Row-Level Security
```sql
-- Apply RLS policy to a table
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
@ -94,7 +141,7 @@ SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
);
```
### 4. Set User Context
### 5. Set User Context and Query
```sql
-- Set the current user for RLS checks
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '123';
@ -103,19 +150,57 @@ SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '123';
SELECT * FROM myschema.reports; -- Only shows reports for user's department
```
## Admin Management
Administrators with `global/all` scope need explicit feature grants. Use helper functions to manage this:
## Management and Reporting (NEW in v1.1)
### Check User Permissions
```sql
-- Sync all features to admin role
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
-- Get all roles for a user
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('123');
-- Or sync to all roles with global/all scope
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features();
-- Get all features for a role
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_role_features('manager');
-- View comprehensive permissions
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_user_permissions
WHERE external_id = '123';
```
## Integration Examples
### System Overview
```sql
-- Get system statistics
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_summary;
-- Check specific permission
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('edit_reports', '123', 'department', 'engineering');
```
## Available Functions
### Core Functions
- `c77_rbac_assign_subject(external_id, role, scope_type, scope_id)` - Assign role to user
- `c77_rbac_grant_feature(role, feature)` - Grant feature to role
- `c77_rbac_can_access(feature, external_id, scope_type, scope_id)` - Check access
- `c77_rbac_apply_policy(table, feature, scope_type, column)` - Apply RLS policy
### Bulk Operations (NEW in v1.1)
- `c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(external_ids[], role, scope_type, scope_id)` - Batch assign roles
- `c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role(external_id, role, scope_type, scope_id)` - Remove role assignment
- `c77_rbac_revoke_feature(role, feature)` - Remove feature from role
### Admin Management
- `c77_rbac_sync_admin_features()` - Sync all features to admin role
- `c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features()` - Sync features to all global/all roles
### Reporting and Management (NEW in v1.1)
- `c77_rbac_get_user_roles(external_id)` - Get all roles for a user
- `c77_rbac_get_role_features(role_name)` - Get all features for a role
### Maintenance Functions
- `c77_rbac_show_dependencies()` - Show all dependencies on the extension
- `c77_rbac_remove_all_policies()` - Remove all RLS policies
- `c77_rbac_cleanup_for_removal(remove_data)` - Prepare for extension removal
## Framework Integration Examples
### Laravel Integration
```php
@ -128,10 +213,16 @@ public function handle($request, Closure $next)
return $next($request);
}
// Bulk assign roles to users
$userIds = ['101', '102', '103', '104', '105'];
$results = DB::select("
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(?, ?, ?, ?)
", [json_encode($userIds), 'student', 'program', 'driver_education']);
// Check permissions
$canView = DB::selectOne("
$canEdit = DB::selectOne("
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access(?, ?, ?, ?) AS allowed
", ['view_reports', Auth::id(), 'department', 'engineering'])->allowed;
", ['edit_reports', Auth::id(), 'department', 'engineering'])->allowed;
```
### Schema-Aware Usage
@ -149,22 +240,70 @@ SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
);
```
## Available Functions
## Real-World Example: Court Education System
### Core Functions
- `c77_rbac_assign_subject(external_id, role, scope_type, scope_id)` - Assign role to user
- `c77_rbac_grant_feature(role, feature)` - Grant feature to role
- `c77_rbac_can_access(feature, external_id, scope_type, scope_id)` - Check access
- `c77_rbac_apply_policy(table, feature, scope_type, column)` - Apply RLS policy
### Setup Court Roles and Features
```sql
-- Define court-specific roles and features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_admin', 'manage_all_programs');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('court_admin', 'view_all_participants');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('judge', 'approve_completions');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('counselor', 'update_progress');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('participant', 'view_own_progress');
### Admin Helper Functions
- `c77_rbac_sync_admin_features()` - Sync all features to admin role
- `c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features()` - Sync features to all global/all roles
-- Sync admin features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
```
### Maintenance Functions
- `c77_rbac_show_dependencies()` - Show all dependencies on the extension
- `c77_rbac_remove_all_policies()` - Remove all RLS policies
- `c77_rbac_cleanup_for_removal(remove_data)` - Prepare for extension removal
### Bulk Enroll Participants
```sql
-- Enroll multiple participants in a DUI education program
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
ARRAY['P001','P002','P003','P004','P005'],
'participant',
'program',
'dui_education_2025_q1'
);
```
### Apply Security Policies
```sql
-- Participants can only see their own data
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'participant_progress',
'view_own_progress',
'participant',
'participant_id'
);
-- Court staff can see their court's participants
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'participants',
'view_court_participants',
'court',
'assigned_court'
);
```
## Performance Considerations
### Built-in Optimizations (Enhanced in v1.1)
- Hash indexes on frequently queried columns
- Composite indexes for common access patterns
- Optimized permission checking functions
- Efficient bulk operations
### Best Practices
```sql
-- Use bulk operations for large datasets
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
array_agg(user_id::text), 'role_name', 'scope_type', 'scope_id'
) FROM large_user_table;
-- Cache permission checks in your application
-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for query performance
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM protected_table;
```
## Uninstallation
@ -194,37 +333,70 @@ SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
- Be specific: `view_financial_reports` vs `view_reports`
2. **Admin Setup:**
- Always grant specific features to admin roles
- Use sync functions after adding new features
- Use `c77_rbac_sync_admin_features()` after adding new features
- Document all features in your application
3. **Performance:**
- The extension includes optimized indexes
- Use explain analyze to verify query plans
- Consider materialized views for complex permission checks
- Use bulk operations for large datasets
- Consider caching permission checks in your application
- Monitor query performance with EXPLAIN ANALYZE
4. **Security:**
- Always use parameterized queries
- Reset session variables in connection pools
- Audit role assignments regularly
- Audit role assignments regularly using the new reporting views
## Error Handling (Enhanced in v1.1)
The extension now provides comprehensive error handling:
```sql
-- Helpful error messages with hints
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('', 'role', 'scope', 'id');
-- ERROR: external_id cannot be NULL or empty
-- HINT: Provide a valid user identifier
-- Bulk operations show individual results
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
ARRAY['valid_user', '', 'another_valid_user'],
'role', 'scope', 'id'
);
-- Returns table showing success/failure for each user
```
## Troubleshooting
### No Data Returned
1. Check if `c77_rbac.external_id` is set correctly
2. Verify user has the required role and features
3. Ensure RLS is enabled on the table
4. Check that policies reference the correct columns
### Policy Not Working
1. Verify column names match between table and policy
2. Check feature names match exactly
3. Ensure scope types and IDs align
2. Use the new management views to verify permissions:
```sql
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_user_permissions WHERE external_id = 'your_user_id';
```
### Performance Issues
1. Verify indexes exist on RBAC tables
2. Check query plans with EXPLAIN ANALYZE
3. Consider caching permission checks in your application
1. Check the system summary:
```sql
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_summary;
```
2. Use optimized functions (automatically used in v1.1)
3. Verify indexes exist using `\d table_name`
## Changelog
### Version 1.1 (Current)
- ✅ Added bulk assignment operations
- ✅ Added removal/revoke functions
- ✅ Enhanced error handling with helpful messages
- ✅ Added admin sync functions
- ✅ Performance optimizations and better indexes
- ✅ Added management views and utility functions
- ✅ Added audit tracking with timestamps
### Version 1.0
- ✅ Core RBAC functionality
- ✅ Row-Level Security integration
- ✅ Basic role and feature management
- ✅ Scope-based permissions
## Contributing
@ -243,8 +415,8 @@ MIT License - See LICENSE file for details
- Create an issue for bugs or feature requests
- Check existing issues before creating new ones
- Include PostgreSQL version and reproduction steps for bugs
- Use the new management views to provide system information when reporting issues
---
For framework-specific extensions, see:
- [c77_rbac_laravel](https://github.com/yourusername/c77_rbac_laravel) - Laravel integration
For comprehensive usage examples and Laravel integration, see [USAGE.md](USAGE.md).

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@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
# c77_rbac Complete Hands-On Tutorial - Part 1: Getting Started
Welcome to the comprehensive tutorial for the c77_rbac PostgreSQL extension! This multi-part tutorial will walk you through every aspect of setting up and using database-level authorization, from installation to advanced real-world scenarios.
**Tutorial Structure:**
- **Part 1: Getting Started** (this document) - Prerequisites, installation, and basic setup
- **Part 2: Building the TechCorp Database** - Creating realistic company data and schema
- **Part 3: Implementing RBAC** - Setting up roles, features, and permissions
- **Part 4: Row-Level Security** - Applying sophisticated access controls
- **Part 5: Testing and Validation** - Comprehensive security testing
- **Part 6: Advanced Features** - Bulk operations, web integration, and monitoring
By the end of this complete tutorial, you'll have:
- ✅ Installed and configured c77_rbac
- ✅ Created a complete multi-department company system
- ✅ Implemented role-based access control with row-level security
- ✅ Tested various permission scenarios
- ✅ Integrated with a web application framework
- ✅ Set up monitoring and troubleshooting
## Prerequisites
- PostgreSQL 14+ installed and running
- Basic SQL knowledge
- Command line access
- Superuser access to PostgreSQL
## Tutorial Overview
We'll build a complete **TechCorp Employee Management System** with these features:
- Multiple departments (Engineering, Sales, HR, Finance)
- Different user roles (Admin, Manager, Employee, Contractor)
- Secure document sharing
- Project management with team access
- Expense tracking with approval workflows
---
## Chapter 1: Installation and Basic Setup
### Step 1: Verify PostgreSQL Installation
```bash
# Check PostgreSQL version
psql --version
# Should show PostgreSQL 14 or later
# Test connection
sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
```
### Step 2: Create Tutorial Database
```bash
# Connect as postgres superuser
sudo -u postgres psql
# Create our tutorial database
CREATE DATABASE techcorp_tutorial;
# Create application user
CREATE USER techcorp_app WITH PASSWORD 'secure_tutorial_password';
# Connect to our tutorial database
\c techcorp_tutorial
```
### Step 3: Install c77_rbac Extension
First, copy the extension files (assuming you have them):
```bash
# Copy extension files to PostgreSQL directory
# (Adjust paths based on your PostgreSQL version)
sudo cp c77_rbac.control /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
sudo cp c77_rbac--1.1.sql /usr/share/postgresql/14/extension/
```
Now install the extension:
```sql
-- Install the extension
CREATE EXTENSION c77_rbac;
-- Verify installation
SELECT extname, extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';
-- Should show: c77_rbac | 1.1
-- Grant necessary privileges to application user
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE techcorp_tutorial TO techcorp_app;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO techcorp_app;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO techcorp_app;
GRANT EXECUTE ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA public TO techcorp_app;
GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public TO techcorp_app;
-- Set default privileges
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public
GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO techcorp_app;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public
GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTIONS TO techcorp_app;
```
### Step 4: Verify RBAC Installation
```sql
-- Check RBAC tables were created
\dt public.c77_rbac_*
-- Check RBAC functions are available
\df public.c77_rbac_*
-- Test basic functionality
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('test_role', 'test_feature');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('test_user', 'test_role', 'global', 'all');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('test_feature', 'test_user', 'global', 'all');
-- Should return: true
-- Clean up test data
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('test_user', 'test_role', 'global', 'all');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_feature('test_role', 'test_feature');
```
**✅ Checkpoint 1:** You should now have c77_rbac installed and working!
---
## What's Next?
In **Part 2**, we'll create the complete TechCorp database schema with:
- Multiple departments and users
- Projects and team structures
- Document management with security levels
- Expense tracking system
- Realistic sample data
**Continue to [Part 2: Building the TechCorp Database](TUTORIAL-Part2.md)**
---
## Quick Reference
### Key Extension Files
- `c77_rbac.control` - Extension metadata
- `c77_rbac--1.1.sql` - Main installation script
- `c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql` - Upgrade script (if upgrading from v1.0)
### Basic Commands
```sql
-- Create extension
CREATE EXTENSION c77_rbac;
-- Check installation
SELECT extname, extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'c77_rbac';
-- Basic test
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('feature', 'user', 'scope_type', 'scope_id');
```
### Troubleshooting Installation
If you encounter issues:
1. **Permission denied copying files**: Use `sudo` for file operations
2. **Extension directory not found**: Check your PostgreSQL version and paths
3. **Extension creation fails**: Verify files are in correct location with proper permissions
For detailed troubleshooting, see the [INSTALL.md](INSTALL.md) guide.

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@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
# c77_rbac Tutorial - Part 2: Building the TechCorp Database
**Tutorial Navigation:**
- [Part 1: Getting Started](TUTORIAL-Part1.md) - Prerequisites and installation
- **Part 2: Building the TechCorp Database** (this document) - Creating the schema and data
- [Part 3: Implementing RBAC](TUTORIAL-Part3.md) - Setting up roles and permissions
- [Part 4: Row-Level Security](TUTORIAL-Part4.md) - Applying access controls
- [Part 5: Testing and Validation](TUTORIAL-Part5.md) - Security testing
- [Part 6: Advanced Features](TUTORIAL-Part6.md) - Bulk operations and monitoring
---
## Chapter 2: Creating the TechCorp Database Schema
Now we'll create a realistic multi-department company database that will demonstrate all aspects of the c77_rbac system.
### Step 1: Create Core Tables
```sql
-- Create departments table
CREATE TABLE departments (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
code TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
description TEXT,
budget DECIMAL(12,2),
manager_id INTEGER, -- Will reference users table
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
-- Create users table (represents our application users)
CREATE TABLE users (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
email TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
first_name TEXT NOT NULL,
last_name TEXT NOT NULL,
department_id INTEGER REFERENCES departments(id),
employee_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'employee', -- 'employee', 'contractor', 'manager', 'admin'
hire_date DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE,
salary DECIMAL(10,2),
is_active BOOLEAN DEFAULT true,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
-- Add foreign key constraint for department manager
ALTER TABLE departments ADD CONSTRAINT fk_dept_manager
FOREIGN KEY (manager_id) REFERENCES users(id);
-- Create projects table
CREATE TABLE projects (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT NOT NULL,
description TEXT,
department_id INTEGER REFERENCES departments(id),
project_manager_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id),
status TEXT DEFAULT 'planning', -- 'planning', 'active', 'on_hold', 'completed', 'cancelled'
budget DECIMAL(12,2),
start_date DATE,
end_date DATE,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
-- Create project team members
CREATE TABLE project_members (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
project_id INTEGER REFERENCES projects(id),
user_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id),
role TEXT DEFAULT 'member', -- 'member', 'lead', 'observer'
added_date DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE,
UNIQUE(project_id, user_id)
);
-- Create documents table
CREATE TABLE documents (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
title TEXT NOT NULL,
content TEXT,
file_path TEXT,
author_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id),
department_id INTEGER REFERENCES departments(id),
project_id INTEGER REFERENCES projects(id) NULL,
security_level TEXT DEFAULT 'internal', -- 'public', 'internal', 'confidential', 'restricted'
status TEXT DEFAULT 'draft', -- 'draft', 'published', 'archived'
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
-- Create expenses table
CREATE TABLE expenses (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
description TEXT NOT NULL,
amount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
category TEXT NOT NULL, -- 'travel', 'equipment', 'software', 'training', 'other'
submitted_by INTEGER REFERENCES users(id),
department_id INTEGER REFERENCES departments(id),
project_id INTEGER REFERENCES projects(id) NULL,
status TEXT DEFAULT 'submitted', -- 'submitted', 'approved', 'rejected', 'paid'
submitted_date DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE,
approved_by INTEGER REFERENCES users(id) NULL,
approved_date DATE NULL,
notes TEXT,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
-- Create audit log for sensitive operations
CREATE TABLE audit_log (
id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
user_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id),
action TEXT NOT NULL,
table_name TEXT,
record_id INTEGER,
old_values JSONB,
new_values JSONB,
ip_address INET,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
```
### Step 2: Insert Sample Data
```sql
-- Insert departments
INSERT INTO departments (name, code, description, budget) VALUES
('Engineering', 'ENG', 'Software development and infrastructure', 2500000.00),
('Sales', 'SALES', 'Customer acquisition and revenue generation', 1800000.00),
('Human Resources', 'HR', 'Employee management and company culture', 800000.00),
('Finance', 'FIN', 'Financial planning and accounting', 600000.00),
('Marketing', 'MKT', 'Brand management and lead generation', 1200000.00);
-- Insert users (these IDs will be our external_ids in RBAC)
INSERT INTO users (id, email, first_name, last_name, department_id, employee_type, salary) VALUES
-- Engineering Department
(1, 'alice.admin@techcorp.com', 'Alice', 'Admin', 1, 'admin', 150000.00),
(101, 'bob.engineer@techcorp.com', 'Bob', 'Smith', 1, 'manager', 120000.00),
(102, 'carol.dev@techcorp.com', 'Carol', 'Johnson', 1, 'employee', 95000.00),
(103, 'dave.senior@techcorp.com', 'Dave', 'Wilson', 1, 'employee', 110000.00),
(104, 'eve.contractor@techcorp.com', 'Eve', 'Brown', 1, 'contractor', 85000.00),
-- Sales Department
(201, 'frank.sales@techcorp.com', 'Frank', 'Davis', 2, 'manager', 130000.00),
(202, 'grace.rep@techcorp.com', 'Grace', 'Miller', 2, 'employee', 75000.00),
(203, 'henry.rep@techcorp.com', 'Henry', 'Garcia', 2, 'employee', 72000.00),
-- HR Department
(301, 'iris.hr@techcorp.com', 'Iris', 'Martinez', 3, 'manager', 105000.00),
(302, 'jack.hr@techcorp.com', 'Jack', 'Anderson', 3, 'employee', 68000.00),
-- Finance Department
(401, 'kelly.finance@techcorp.com', 'Kelly', 'Taylor', 4, 'manager', 115000.00),
(402, 'liam.accounting@techcorp.com', 'Liam', 'Thomas', 4, 'employee', 65000.00),
-- Marketing Department
(501, 'maya.marketing@techcorp.com', 'Maya', 'White', 5, 'manager', 100000.00),
(502, 'noah.content@techcorp.com', 'Noah', 'Harris', 5, 'employee', 70000.00);
-- Update department managers
UPDATE departments SET manager_id = 101 WHERE code = 'ENG';
UPDATE departments SET manager_id = 201 WHERE code = 'SALES';
UPDATE departments SET manager_id = 301 WHERE code = 'HR';
UPDATE departments SET manager_id = 401 WHERE code = 'FIN';
UPDATE departments SET manager_id = 501 WHERE code = 'MKT';
-- Insert sample projects
INSERT INTO projects (name, description, department_id, project_manager_id, status, budget, start_date) VALUES
('Customer Portal V2', 'Rebuild customer-facing portal with modern tech stack', 1, 101, 'active', 500000.00, '2024-01-15'),
('Mobile App Development', 'Native mobile app for iOS and Android', 1, 103, 'planning', 300000.00, '2024-03-01'),
('Q1 Sales Campaign', 'Major sales push for Q1 targets', 2, 201, 'active', 150000.00, '2024-01-01'),
('Employee Onboarding System', 'Streamline new hire processes', 3, 301, 'planning', 75000.00, '2024-02-15'),
('Financial Reporting Dashboard', 'Real-time financial analytics', 4, 401, 'active', 120000.00, '2024-01-20');
-- Insert project team members
INSERT INTO project_members (project_id, user_id, role) VALUES
-- Customer Portal V2 team
(1, 101, 'lead'),
(1, 102, 'member'),
(1, 103, 'member'),
(1, 104, 'member'),
-- Mobile App team
(2, 103, 'lead'),
(2, 102, 'member'),
-- Sales Campaign team
(3, 201, 'lead'),
(3, 202, 'member'),
(3, 203, 'member'),
(3, 502, 'member'), -- Marketing support
-- HR System team
(4, 301, 'lead'),
(4, 302, 'member'),
(4, 102, 'member'), -- Engineering support
-- Finance Dashboard team
(5, 401, 'lead'),
(5, 402, 'member'),
(5, 103, 'member'); -- Engineering support
-- Insert sample documents
INSERT INTO documents (title, content, author_id, department_id, project_id, security_level, status) VALUES
('Company Handbook', 'Complete employee handbook with policies and procedures', 301, 3, NULL, 'internal', 'published'),
('Salary Ranges 2024', 'Confidential salary band information', 301, 3, NULL, 'confidential', 'published'),
('Customer Portal Requirements', 'Technical requirements for portal rebuild', 101, 1, 1, 'internal', 'published'),
('Sales Strategy Q1', 'Confidential sales strategy and targets', 201, 2, 3, 'confidential', 'published'),
('Security Policies', 'Company-wide security guidelines', 1, 1, NULL, 'internal', 'published'),
('Financial Results Q4', 'Quarterly financial performance', 401, 4, NULL, 'restricted', 'published'),
('Engineering Standards', 'Code review and development standards', 101, 1, NULL, 'internal', 'published'),
('Project Meeting Notes', 'Weekly standup meeting notes', 102, 1, 1, 'internal', 'draft');
-- Insert sample expenses
INSERT INTO expenses (description, amount, category, submitted_by, department_id, project_id, status, notes) VALUES
('MacBook Pro for development', 2499.00, 'equipment', 102, 1, 1, 'approved', 'For Customer Portal project'),
('Conference attendance - DevCon', 1200.00, 'training', 103, 1, NULL, 'submitted', 'Professional development'),
('Software licenses - IntelliJ', 500.00, 'software', 101, 1, NULL, 'approved', 'Team development tools'),
('Client dinner - ABC Corp', 350.00, 'travel', 201, 2, 3, 'approved', 'Q1 sales campaign'),
('Recruitment platform subscription', 800.00, 'software', 301, 3, NULL, 'submitted', 'Hiring tools'),
('Accounting software upgrade', 1500.00, 'software', 401, 4, NULL, 'submitted', 'Financial reporting needs'),
('Team building event', 2000.00, 'other', 501, 5, NULL, 'approved', 'Department morale activity');
```
### Step 3: Add More Realistic Data
```sql
-- Add more employees for testing bulk operations later
INSERT INTO users (id, email, first_name, last_name, department_id, employee_type, salary)
SELECT
1000 + generate_series,
'user' || generate_series || '@techcorp.com',
'User',
'Number' || generate_series,
(generate_series % 5) + 1, -- Distribute across departments
'employee',
50000 + (generate_series % 50) * 1000
FROM generate_series(1, 50);
-- Add more documents with varying security levels
INSERT INTO documents (title, content, author_id, department_id, security_level, status) VALUES
('Public Company Blog Post', 'Public facing marketing content', 502, 5, 'public', 'published'),
('Internal Newsletter Q1', 'Quarterly company updates for all employees', 301, 3, 'internal', 'published'),
('HR Policy Updates', 'Confidential updates to employee policies', 301, 3, 'confidential', 'published'),
('Executive Compensation Plan', 'Restricted financial information', 401, 4, 'restricted', 'published'),
('Engineering Roadmap 2024', 'Technical strategy and roadmap', 101, 1, 'confidential', 'published'),
('Sales Territory Assignments', 'Confidential sales territory information', 201, 2, 'confidential', 'published'),
('Marketing Budget Breakdown', 'Detailed marketing spend analysis', 501, 5, 'confidential', 'draft');
-- Add more expenses for comprehensive testing
INSERT INTO expenses (description, amount, category, submitted_by, department_id, status, notes) VALUES
('Sales team laptops', 8500.00, 'equipment', 201, 2, 'approved', 'Quarterly equipment refresh'),
('HR software license', 3600.00, 'software', 301, 3, 'submitted', 'Annual subscription renewal'),
('Marketing campaign costs', 15000.00, 'other', 501, 5, 'approved', 'Q1 digital advertising'),
('Training workshop', 2800.00, 'training', 102, 1, 'submitted', 'React development workshop'),
('Office supplies', 450.00, 'other', 302, 3, 'approved', 'Monthly office supply order'),
('Travel expenses - client visit', 1250.00, 'travel', 202, 2, 'submitted', 'San Francisco client meeting');
```
**✅ Checkpoint 2:** You now have a complete company database with realistic data!
### Step 4: Verify Your Data
```sql
-- Check department structure
SELECT
d.name as department,
d.code,
m.first_name || ' ' || m.last_name as manager,
count(u.id) as total_employees,
d.budget
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN users m ON d.manager_id = m.id
LEFT JOIN users u ON d.id = u.department_id
GROUP BY d.id, d.name, d.code, m.first_name, m.last_name, d.budget
ORDER BY d.name;
-- Check project teams
SELECT
p.name as project,
d.name as department,
pm_user.first_name || ' ' || pm_user.last_name as project_manager,
count(pms.user_id) as team_size,
p.budget,
p.status
FROM projects p
JOIN departments d ON p.department_id = d.id
JOIN users pm_user ON p.project_manager_id = pm_user.id
LEFT JOIN project_members pms ON p.id = pms.project_id
GROUP BY p.id, p.name, d.name, pm_user.first_name, pm_user.last_name, p.budget, p.status
ORDER BY p.name;
-- Check document security levels
SELECT
security_level,
count(*) as document_count,
round(count(*) * 100.0 / sum(count(*)) OVER (), 1) as percentage
FROM documents
GROUP BY security_level
ORDER BY count(*) DESC;
-- Check user distribution
SELECT
d.name as department,
d.code,
count(u.id) as user_count,
count(CASE WHEN u.employee_type = 'manager' THEN 1 END) as managers,
count(CASE WHEN u.employee_type = 'employee' THEN 1 END) as employees,
count(CASE WHEN u.employee_type = 'contractor' THEN 1 END) as contractors
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN users u ON d.id = u.department_id
GROUP BY d.id, d.name, d.code
ORDER BY d.name;
```
---
## What's Next?
Now that we have a complete company database with realistic data, in **Part 3** we'll implement the RBAC system:
- Define company-wide features and permissions
- Create role hierarchies (Admin, Manager, Employee, Contractor)
- Assign users to appropriate roles with proper scoping
- Set up department-based and project-based access patterns
**Continue to [Part 3: Implementing RBAC](TUTORIAL-Part3.md)**
---
## Database Summary
You've created a comprehensive TechCorp database with:
### Core Tables
- **5 departments** with realistic budgets and managers
- **65+ users** across different roles and departments
- **5 projects** with cross-departmental teams
- **15+ documents** with varying security levels
- **13+ expense records** with different approval states
- **Audit logging** capabilities
### Key Features
- **Realistic relationships** between departments, users, and projects
- **Multiple security levels** for documents (public, internal, confidential, restricted)
- **Cross-departmental collaboration** through project teams
- **Comprehensive expense tracking** with approval workflows
- **Audit trail** for sensitive operations
This database will serve as the foundation for demonstrating all aspects of the c77_rbac system in the following parts of the tutorial.

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# c77_rbac Tutorial - Part 3: Implementing RBAC
**Tutorial Navigation:**
- [Part 1: Getting Started](TUTORIAL-Part1.md) - Prerequisites and installation
- [Part 2: Building the TechCorp Database](TUTORIAL-Part2.md) - Creating the schema and data
- **Part 3: Implementing RBAC** (this document) - Setting up roles and permissions
- [Part 4: Row-Level Security](TUTORIAL-Part4.md) - Applying access controls
- [Part 5: Testing and Validation](TUTORIAL-Part5.md) - Security testing
- [Part 6: Advanced Features](TUTORIAL-Part6.md) - Bulk operations and monitoring
---
## Chapter 3: Setting Up RBAC Roles and Features
Now we'll implement a comprehensive role-based access control system for our TechCorp database. This chapter covers defining features, creating roles, and assigning users to appropriate roles with proper scoping.
### Step 1: Define Company-Wide Features
Features represent specific permissions that can be checked in your application. Let's define features that match our TechCorp organizational structure:
```sql
-- System Administration Features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('system_admin', 'manage_all_users');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('system_admin', 'access_all_departments');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('system_admin', 'view_all_salaries');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('system_admin', 'manage_system_settings');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('system_admin', 'view_audit_logs');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('system_admin', 'export_all_data');
-- Department Management Features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_manager', 'view_dept_employees');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_manager', 'manage_dept_projects');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_manager', 'approve_dept_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_manager', 'view_dept_salaries');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_manager', 'create_dept_documents');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_manager', 'view_confidential_docs');
-- Regular Employee Features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'view_own_profile');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'update_own_profile');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'view_company_handbook');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'submit_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'view_own_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'access_internal_docs');
-- Project Team Features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('project_member', 'view_project_details');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('project_member', 'edit_project_documents');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('project_member', 'view_project_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('project_member', 'submit_project_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('project_lead', 'manage_project_team');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('project_lead', 'approve_project_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('project_lead', 'create_project_documents');
-- Contractor Features (limited access)
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('contractor', 'view_own_profile');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('contractor', 'view_assigned_projects');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('contractor', 'submit_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('contractor', 'access_project_docs');
-- HR Specific Features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('hr_staff', 'view_all_employees');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('hr_staff', 'manage_employee_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('hr_staff', 'access_hr_documents');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('hr_staff', 'view_salary_data');
-- Finance Specific Features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('finance_staff', 'view_all_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('finance_staff', 'approve_expenses');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('finance_staff', 'view_budget_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('finance_staff', 'access_financial_docs');
-- Sales Specific Features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('sales_staff', 'view_sales_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('sales_staff', 'manage_customer_info');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('sales_staff', 'access_sales_docs');
```
### Step 2: Sync Admin Features
The `admin` role should have access to all features. Let's sync all existing features to the admin role:
```sql
-- Make sure system admin gets all features
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
-- Check what features were granted to admin
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_role_features('admin');
-- Also sync features to our system_admin role
SELECT public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features();
```
### Step 3: Assign Roles to Users
Now we'll assign our TechCorp users to appropriate roles with proper scoping:
```sql
-- System Administrator (Alice)
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('1', 'system_admin', 'global', 'all');
-- Department Managers
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('101', 'dept_manager', 'department', 'ENG'); -- Bob
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('201', 'dept_manager', 'department', 'SALES'); -- Frank
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('301', 'dept_manager', 'department', 'HR'); -- Iris
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('401', 'dept_manager', 'department', 'FIN'); -- Kelly
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('501', 'dept_manager', 'department', 'MKT'); -- Maya
-- HR Staff (need special access across departments)
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('301', 'hr_staff', 'global', 'all'); -- Iris (manager)
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('302', 'hr_staff', 'global', 'all'); -- Jack
-- Finance Staff (need expense access across departments)
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('401', 'finance_staff', 'global', 'all'); -- Kelly (manager)
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('402', 'finance_staff', 'global', 'all'); -- Liam
-- Regular Employees (department-scoped)
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('102', 'employee', 'department', 'ENG');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('103', 'employee', 'department', 'ENG');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('202', 'employee', 'department', 'SALES');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('203', 'employee', 'department', 'SALES');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('502', 'employee', 'department', 'MKT');
-- Contractors (department-scoped with limited access)
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('104', 'contractor', 'department', 'ENG');
-- Project-specific roles
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('101', 'project_lead', 'project', '1'); -- Bob leads Portal project
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('103', 'project_lead', 'project', '2'); -- Dave leads Mobile project
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('102', 'project_member', 'project', '1'); -- Carol on Portal
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('102', 'project_member', 'project', '2'); -- Carol on Mobile
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('104', 'project_member', 'project', '1'); -- Eve on Portal
-- Bulk assign basic employee role to all the additional users we created
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
(SELECT array_agg(id::text) FROM users WHERE id BETWEEN 1001 AND 1050),
'employee',
'department',
'ENG' -- Assign them all to engineering for this example
);
```
### Step 4: Verify Role Assignments
Let's check that our role assignments are working correctly:
```sql
-- Check Alice's (admin) permissions
SELECT 'Alice (System Admin) - Roles:' as info;
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('1');
-- Check Bob's (engineering manager) permissions
SELECT 'Bob (Engineering Manager) - Roles:' as info;
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('101');
-- Check Carol's (developer) permissions
SELECT 'Carol (Developer) - Roles:' as info;
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('102');
-- Check Iris's (HR manager) permissions
SELECT 'Iris (HR Manager) - Roles:' as info;
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('301');
-- Check system summary
SELECT 'System Summary:' as info;
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_summary;
```
### Step 5: Understanding RBAC Scoping
Let's explore how different scoping patterns work in our system:
```sql
-- Global scope (system-wide access)
-- Example: Alice has system_admin role with global/all scope
SELECT 'Global Admin Access Example:' as demo;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_all_users', '1', 'global', 'all') as alice_can_manage_all;
-- Department scope (department-specific access)
-- Example: Bob can manage engineering department but not sales
SELECT 'Department Scope Examples:' as demo;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_dept_projects', '101', 'department', 'ENG') as bob_can_manage_eng;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_dept_projects', '101', 'department', 'SALES') as bob_cannot_manage_sales;
-- Project scope (project-specific access)
-- Example: Carol is a member of projects 1 and 2
SELECT 'Project Scope Examples:' as demo;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_project_details', '102', 'project', '1') as carol_can_view_proj1;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_project_details', '102', 'project', '3') as carol_cannot_view_proj3;
-- Cross-department access for special roles
-- Example: Iris (HR) can access all departments
SELECT 'Cross-Department Access Example:' as demo;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_all_employees', '301', 'global', 'all') as iris_can_see_all;
```
### Step 6: Create Role Hierarchy Visualization
Let's create a query to visualize our role hierarchy:
```sql
-- Create a comprehensive view of our RBAC setup
SELECT 'TechCorp RBAC Role Distribution:' as title;
SELECT
r.name as role_name,
sr.scope_type,
sr.scope_id,
count(*) as user_count,
string_agg(s.external_id, ', ' ORDER BY s.external_id::integer) as user_ids
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles r
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON r.role_id = sr.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subjects s ON sr.subject_id = s.subject_id
GROUP BY r.name, sr.scope_type, sr.scope_id
ORDER BY r.name, sr.scope_type, sr.scope_id;
-- Show feature distribution across roles
SELECT 'Feature Distribution:' as title;
SELECT
r.name as role_name,
count(f.name) as feature_count,
string_agg(f.name, ', ' ORDER BY f.name) as features
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles r
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
GROUP BY r.name
ORDER BY count(f.name) DESC, r.name;
```
**✅ Checkpoint 3:** You now have a complete RBAC setup with realistic corporate roles!
---
## Understanding Our RBAC Structure
### Role Hierarchy
1. **System Admin** (`system_admin`)
- Scope: `global/all`
- Access: Everything across all departments and projects
- Users: Alice (ID: 1)
2. **Department Managers** (`dept_manager`)
- Scope: `department/[DEPT_CODE]`
- Access: Full control within their department
- Users: Bob (ENG), Frank (SALES), Iris (HR), Kelly (FIN), Maya (MKT)
3. **Specialized Staff**
- **HR Staff** (`hr_staff`): Global access to employee data
- **Finance Staff** (`finance_staff`): Global access to financial data
- **Sales Staff** (`sales_staff`): Access to sales-specific features
4. **Regular Employees** (`employee`)
- Scope: `department/[DEPT_CODE]`
- Access: Basic departmental access and own data
5. **Project Roles**
- **Project Leads** (`project_lead`): Scope: `project/[PROJECT_ID]`
- **Project Members** (`project_member`): Scope: `project/[PROJECT_ID]`
6. **Contractors** (`contractor`)
- Scope: `department/[DEPT_CODE]` or `project/[PROJECT_ID]`
- Access: Limited, task-specific access
### Key Scopes Used
- **`global/all`**: System-wide access (admins, HR, finance)
- **`department/[CODE]`**: Department-specific access (ENG, SALES, HR, FIN, MKT)
- **`project/[ID]`**: Project-specific access (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
### Permission Patterns
- **Inheritance**: Users can have multiple roles with different scopes
- **Escalation**: `global/all` scope overrides specific scopes
- **Isolation**: Department and project scopes provide isolation
- **Flexibility**: Same user can have different roles in different contexts
---
## Advanced Role Management
### Adding New Roles Dynamically
```sql
-- Example: Create a "Senior Developer" role with enhanced permissions
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('senior_developer', 'view_project_details');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('senior_developer', 'edit_project_documents');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('senior_developer', 'mentor_junior_developers');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('senior_developer', 'approve_code_reviews');
-- Assign Dave as a senior developer in the engineering department
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('103', 'senior_developer', 'department', 'ENG');
-- Verify the assignment
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('103');
```
### Bulk Role Operations
```sql
-- Example: Assign all engineering employees to a "code_reviewer" role
-- First create the role
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('code_reviewer', 'review_code');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('code_reviewer', 'comment_on_pull_requests');
-- Bulk assign to engineering employees
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
ARRAY['101', '102', '103', '104'], -- Engineering team
'code_reviewer',
'department',
'ENG'
);
```
### Temporary Access Patterns
```sql
-- Example: Grant temporary access for a cross-departmental project
-- Marketing person needs temporary engineering access for a joint project
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('502', 'project_member', 'project', '1');
-- Later, you can revoke this access
-- SELECT public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role('502', 'project_member', 'project', '1');
```
---
## What's Next?
Now that we have a comprehensive RBAC system set up, in **Part 4** we'll implement Row-Level Security (RLS) policies that will automatically enforce these permissions at the database level:
- Apply RLS policies to our TechCorp tables
- Implement sophisticated business rules for document access
- Create multi-level security controls
- Test automatic data filtering based on user roles
**Continue to [Part 4: Row-Level Security](TUTORIAL-Part4.md)**
---
## Chapter Summary
In this chapter, you've successfully:
### ✅ Created a Comprehensive Permission System
- **40+ features** covering all aspects of TechCorp operations
- **10+ roles** with realistic corporate hierarchy
- **65+ user assignments** with proper scoping
### ✅ Implemented Advanced Scoping Patterns
- **Global access** for system admins and cross-departmental roles
- **Department isolation** for managers and employees
- **Project-based collaboration** for cross-functional teams
- **Contractor limitations** for external workers
### ✅ Demonstrated RBAC Flexibility
- **Multiple roles per user** (e.g., department manager + project lead)
- **Hierarchical permissions** (global overrides departmental)
- **Dynamic role assignment** for changing business needs
- **Bulk operations** for efficient management
### ✅ Established Security Foundation
- **Role-based feature access** with proper validation
- **Scoped permissions** preventing unauthorized access
- **Audit-ready structure** with timestamps and tracking
- **Scalable design** that grows with organizational needs
The RBAC system is now ready for Row-Level Security implementation, which will automatically enforce these permissions at the database query level.

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# c77_rbac Tutorial - Part 4: Row-Level Security
**Tutorial Navigation:**
- [Part 1: Getting Started](TUTORIAL-Part1.md) - Prerequisites and installation
- [Part 2: Building the TechCorp Database](TUTORIAL-Part2.md) - Creating the schema and data
- [Part 3: Implementing RBAC](TUTORIAL-Part3.md) - Setting up roles and permissions
- **Part 4: Row-Level Security** (this document) - Applying access controls
- [Part 5: Testing and Validation](TUTORIAL-Part5.md) - Security testing
- [Part 6: Advanced Features](TUTORIAL-Part6.md) - Bulk operations and monitoring
---
## Chapter 4: Implementing Row-Level Security
Now we'll apply Row-Level Security (RLS) policies to our TechCorp tables. This is where the magic happens - the database will automatically filter data based on user permissions without any changes to your application code.
### Step 1: Apply RLS to User Data
Let's start with the users table, implementing a policy that allows users to see their own data, managers to see their department, and HR to see everyone:
```sql
-- Users can see their own profile + department colleagues + HR can see all
CREATE POLICY users_access_policy ON users FOR ALL
USING (
-- Users can see their own record
id::text = current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true) OR
-- Department managers can see their department
public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_dept_employees',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'department',
(SELECT code FROM departments WHERE id = department_id)) OR
-- HR can see all employees
public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_all_employees',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'global', 'all') OR
-- System admin can see all
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_all_users',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'global', 'all')
);
ALTER TABLE users ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
```
### Step 2: Apply RLS to Projects
Project access should be limited to team members, department managers, and administrators:
```sql
-- Project access: team members + department managers + admin
CREATE POLICY projects_access_policy ON projects FOR ALL
USING (
-- Project team members can see their projects
EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM project_members pm
WHERE pm.project_id = id
AND pm.user_id::text = current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true)
) OR
-- Department managers can see their department's projects
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_dept_projects',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'department',
(SELECT code FROM departments WHERE id = department_id)) OR
-- System admin can see all
public.c77_rbac_can_access('access_all_departments',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'global', 'all')
);
ALTER TABLE projects ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
```
### Step 3: Apply RLS to Documents with Security Levels
This is where we implement our most sophisticated policy - documents with multiple security levels:
```sql
-- Complex document access based on security levels and scope
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION can_access_document(
p_document_id INTEGER,
p_user_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER AS $$
DECLARE
doc RECORD;
BEGIN
-- Get document details
SELECT d.*, dept.code as dept_code
INTO doc
FROM documents d
JOIN departments dept ON d.department_id = dept.id
WHERE d.id = p_document_id;
-- Author can always access their documents
IF doc.author_id::text = p_user_id THEN
RETURN TRUE;
END IF;
-- Check by security level
CASE doc.security_level
WHEN 'public' THEN
RETURN TRUE;
WHEN 'internal' THEN
RETURN public.c77_rbac_can_access('access_internal_docs', p_user_id, 'global', 'all');
WHEN 'confidential' THEN
-- Department managers and HR can see confidential docs
RETURN public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_confidential_docs', p_user_id, 'department', doc.dept_code) OR
public.c77_rbac_can_access('access_hr_documents', p_user_id, 'global', 'all');
WHEN 'restricted' THEN
-- Only finance staff and admin can see restricted docs
RETURN public.c77_rbac_can_access('access_financial_docs', p_user_id, 'global', 'all') OR
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_all_users', p_user_id, 'global', 'all');
ELSE
RETURN FALSE;
END CASE;
END;
$$;
-- Apply the complex policy
CREATE POLICY documents_access_policy ON documents FOR ALL
USING (can_access_document(id, current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true)));
ALTER TABLE documents ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
```
### Step 4: Apply RLS to Expenses
Expense access should follow approval workflows - submitters, managers, finance staff:
```sql
-- Expense access: submitter + department manager + finance + admin
CREATE POLICY expenses_access_policy ON expenses FOR ALL
USING (
-- Users can see their own expenses
submitted_by::text = current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true) OR
-- Department managers can see their department expenses
public.c77_rbac_can_access('approve_dept_expenses',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'department',
(SELECT code FROM departments WHERE id = department_id)) OR
-- Finance staff can see all expenses
public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_all_expenses',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'global', 'all') OR
-- Project leads can see project expenses
(project_id IS NOT NULL AND
public.c77_rbac_can_access('approve_project_expenses',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'project', project_id::text)) OR
-- System admin can see all
public.c77_rbac_can_access('access_all_departments',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'global', 'all')
);
ALTER TABLE expenses ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
```
### Step 5: Apply RLS to Project Members
Project team visibility should be controlled based on project access:
```sql
-- Project members table access
CREATE POLICY project_members_access_policy ON project_members FOR ALL
USING (
-- Users can see their own memberships
user_id::text = current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true) OR
-- Project leads can see their project teams
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_project_team',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'project', project_id::text) OR
-- Department managers can see their department's project teams
EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM projects p
JOIN departments d ON p.department_id = d.id
WHERE p.id = project_id
AND public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_dept_projects',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'department', d.code)
) OR
-- HR and Admin can see all
public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_all_employees',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'global', 'all')
);
ALTER TABLE project_members ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
```
### Step 6: Apply Simple RLS to Departments
Department information should be visible to appropriate users:
```sql
-- Use the built-in c77_rbac_apply_policy function for simpler cases
-- Departments visible to those who can view department employees
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'departments',
'view_dept_employees',
'department',
'code'
);
```
**✅ Checkpoint 4:** All tables now have sophisticated row-level security policies!
---
## Understanding RLS Policy Patterns
### Pattern 1: Self-Access + Role-Based Access
```sql
-- Users can see their own data OR those with specific permissions
id::text = current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true) OR
public.c77_rbac_can_access('permission', user_id, 'scope_type', 'scope_id')
```
### Pattern 2: Hierarchical Access
```sql
-- Multiple levels of access: department → global
public.c77_rbac_can_access('dept_permission', user_id, 'department', dept_code) OR
public.c77_rbac_can_access('global_permission', user_id, 'global', 'all')
```
### Pattern 3: Complex Business Logic
```sql
-- Custom function for complex rules
can_access_document(id, current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true))
```
### Pattern 4: Relationship-Based Access
```sql
-- Access based on relationships (project membership, etc.)
EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM related_table rt
WHERE rt.foreign_key = id
AND rt.user_id::text = current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true)
)
```
---
## Testing RLS Policies
Let's create a comprehensive test to verify our RLS policies work correctly:
```sql
-- Create a test function to verify RLS is working
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_rls_policies()
RETURNS TABLE(
test_name TEXT,
user_name TEXT,
table_name TEXT,
visible_rows INTEGER,
expected_result TEXT,
status TEXT
) LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
DECLARE
test_users TEXT[] := ARRAY['1', '101', '102', '104', '301', '401'];
test_user TEXT;
user_name_val TEXT;
row_count INTEGER;
BEGIN
FOREACH test_user IN ARRAY test_users LOOP
-- Set user context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', test_user, true);
-- Get user name
SELECT first_name || ' ' || last_name INTO user_name_val
FROM users WHERE id::text = test_user;
-- Test users table
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count FROM users;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'User Visibility'::TEXT,
user_name_val,
'users'::TEXT,
row_count,
CASE
WHEN test_user = '1' THEN 'All users (admin)'
WHEN test_user = '301' THEN 'All users (HR)'
WHEN test_user IN ('101', '401') THEN 'Department + self'
ELSE 'Limited (self + some colleagues)'
END,
CASE
WHEN test_user IN ('1', '301') AND row_count > 50 THEN 'PASS'
WHEN test_user NOT IN ('1', '301') AND row_count < 50 THEN 'PASS'
ELSE 'REVIEW'
END;
-- Test documents table
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count FROM documents;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Document Access'::TEXT,
user_name_val,
'documents'::TEXT,
row_count,
CASE
WHEN test_user = '1' THEN 'All documents (admin)'
WHEN test_user = '401' THEN 'Including restricted (finance)'
WHEN test_user IN ('101', '301') THEN 'Including confidential (manager/HR)'
ELSE 'Internal and own documents only'
END,
CASE WHEN row_count > 0 THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'FAIL' END;
-- Test expenses table
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count FROM expenses;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Expense Visibility'::TEXT,
user_name_val,
'expenses'::TEXT,
row_count,
CASE
WHEN test_user IN ('1', '401') THEN 'All expenses'
WHEN test_user IN ('101', '301') THEN 'Department expenses'
ELSE 'Own expenses only'
END,
CASE WHEN row_count > 0 THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'REVIEW' END;
END LOOP;
-- Reset context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
END;
$$;
-- Run the comprehensive test
SELECT * FROM test_rls_policies() ORDER BY user_name, test_name;
```
### Manual Testing Examples
```sql
-- Test as Alice (System Admin) - should see everything
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '1';
SELECT 'Alice (Admin) sees ' || count(*) || ' users' FROM users;
SELECT 'Alice (Admin) sees ' || count(*) || ' documents' FROM documents;
SELECT 'Alice (Admin) sees ' || count(*) || ' expenses' FROM expenses;
-- Test as Bob (Eng Manager) - should see engineering department
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '101';
SELECT 'Bob (Eng Manager) sees ' || count(*) || ' users' FROM users;
SELECT 'Bob (Eng Manager) sees ' || count(*) || ' documents' FROM documents;
SELECT 'Bob (Eng Manager) sees ' || count(*) || ' expenses' FROM expenses;
-- Test as Carol (Developer) - should see limited data
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '102';
SELECT 'Carol (Developer) sees ' || count(*) || ' users' FROM users;
SELECT 'Carol (Developer) sees ' || count(*) || ' documents' FROM documents;
SELECT 'Carol (Developer) sees ' || count(*) || ' expenses' FROM expenses;
-- Test as Eve (Contractor) - should see very limited data
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '104';
SELECT 'Eve (Contractor) sees ' || count(*) || ' users' FROM users;
SELECT 'Eve (Contractor) sees ' || count(*) || ' documents' FROM documents;
SELECT 'Eve (Contractor) sees ' || count(*) || ' expenses' FROM expenses;
-- Test document security levels specifically
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '102'; -- Carol (regular employee)
SELECT 'Carol can see these document security levels:' as info;
SELECT security_level, count(*)
FROM documents
GROUP BY security_level
ORDER BY security_level;
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '401'; -- Kelly (Finance manager)
SELECT 'Kelly can see these document security levels:' as info;
SELECT security_level, count(*)
FROM documents
GROUP BY security_level
ORDER BY security_level;
-- Reset context
RESET "c77_rbac.external_id";
```
---
## Advanced RLS Patterns
### Time-Based Access Control
```sql
-- Example: Add time-based restrictions to sensitive documents
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION can_access_document_with_time(
p_document_id INTEGER,
p_user_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER AS $$
DECLARE
doc RECORD;
current_hour INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Get document and current time
SELECT * INTO doc FROM documents WHERE id = p_document_id;
current_hour := EXTRACT(HOUR FROM CURRENT_TIME);
-- Restricted documents only accessible during business hours (9-17)
IF doc.security_level = 'restricted' THEN
IF current_hour < 9 OR current_hour >= 17 THEN
-- Only allow admin access outside business hours
RETURN public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_all_users', p_user_id, 'global', 'all');
END IF;
END IF;
-- Fall back to regular document access rules
RETURN can_access_document(p_document_id, p_user_id);
END;
$$;
```
### Conditional Write Policies
```sql
-- Example: Only allow expense updates by submitter or approver
CREATE POLICY expenses_update_policy ON expenses FOR UPDATE
USING (
-- Submitter can update before approval
(submitted_by::text = current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true) AND status = 'submitted') OR
-- Department managers can update their department's expenses
public.c77_rbac_can_access('approve_dept_expenses',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'department',
(SELECT code FROM departments WHERE id = department_id)) OR
-- Finance staff can update any expense
public.c77_rbac_can_access('approve_expenses',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
'global', 'all')
);
```
### Audit Trail Integration
```sql
-- Example: Automatic audit logging when accessing sensitive documents
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION log_document_access()
RETURNS TRIGGER LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
BEGIN
-- Log access to confidential or restricted documents
IF NEW.security_level IN ('confidential', 'restricted') THEN
INSERT INTO audit_log (
user_id,
action,
table_name,
record_id,
new_values
) VALUES (
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true)::integer,
'document_accessed',
'documents',
NEW.id,
jsonb_build_object(
'document_title', NEW.title,
'security_level', NEW.security_level,
'access_time', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
)
);
END IF;
RETURN NEW;
END;
$$;
-- Apply the audit trigger
CREATE TRIGGER document_access_audit
AFTER SELECT ON documents
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE FUNCTION log_document_access();
```
---
## Performance Considerations
### Index Optimization for RLS
```sql
-- Add indexes to support RLS policy performance
CREATE INDEX idx_users_department_id ON users(department_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_documents_author_security ON documents(author_id, security_level);
CREATE INDEX idx_documents_dept_security ON documents(department_id, security_level);
CREATE INDEX idx_expenses_submitter ON expenses(submitted_by);
CREATE INDEX idx_expenses_dept_status ON expenses(department_id, status);
CREATE INDEX idx_project_members_user_project ON project_members(user_id, project_id);
-- Analyze performance of RLS policies
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION analyze_rls_performance()
RETURNS TABLE(
table_name TEXT,
policy_name TEXT,
avg_execution_time TEXT,
recommendations TEXT
) LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
SELECT
'Performance Analysis'::TEXT as table_name,
'RLS Policies'::TEXT as policy_name,
'Run EXPLAIN ANALYZE on queries'::TEXT as avg_execution_time,
'Monitor slow queries and add indexes as needed'::TEXT as recommendations;
END;
$;
```
### Query Optimization Examples
```sql
-- Example: Optimized query patterns that work well with RLS
-- Good: Use specific filters that align with RLS policies
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '101'; -- Bob (Eng Manager)
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT u.first_name, u.last_name, d.name as department
FROM users u
JOIN departments d ON u.department_id = d.id
WHERE d.code = 'ENG'; -- This aligns with Bob's department scope
-- Good: Project-specific queries for project members
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '102'; -- Carol (Developer)
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT p.name, p.status, pm.role
FROM projects p
JOIN project_members pm ON p.id = pm.project_id
WHERE pm.user_id = 102; -- Explicit filter that matches RLS logic
-- Reset context
RESET "c77_rbac.external_id";
```
---
## Troubleshooting RLS Issues
### Common Problems and Solutions
```sql
-- Debug function to help troubleshoot RLS issues
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION debug_rls_access(
p_table_name TEXT,
p_user_id TEXT,
p_expected_rows INTEGER DEFAULT NULL
)
RETURNS TABLE(
check_type TEXT,
result TEXT,
details TEXT
) LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $
DECLARE
actual_rows INTEGER;
rls_enabled BOOLEAN;
policy_count INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Set user context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', p_user_id, true);
-- Check if RLS is enabled
SELECT INTO rls_enabled
EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM pg_class c
JOIN pg_namespace n ON c.relnamespace = n.oid
WHERE n.nspname = 'public'
AND c.relname = p_table_name
AND c.relrowsecurity = true
);
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'RLS Enabled'::TEXT,
CASE WHEN rls_enabled THEN 'YES' ELSE 'NO' END,
'Row Level Security status on table'::TEXT;
-- Count policies
SELECT count(*) INTO policy_count
FROM pg_policies
WHERE schemaname = 'public'
AND tablename = p_table_name;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Policy Count'::TEXT,
policy_count::TEXT,
'Number of RLS policies on table'::TEXT;
-- Count actual visible rows
EXECUTE format('SELECT count(*) FROM %I', p_table_name) INTO actual_rows;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Visible Rows'::TEXT,
actual_rows::TEXT,
'Rows visible to current user'::TEXT;
-- Check user permissions
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'User Context'::TEXT,
p_user_id,
'Current c77_rbac.external_id setting'::TEXT;
-- Check user roles
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'User Roles'::TEXT,
count(*)::TEXT,
'Total roles assigned to user'::TEXT
FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles(p_user_id);
-- Compare with expectation if provided
IF p_expected_rows IS NOT NULL THEN
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Expectation Check'::TEXT,
CASE
WHEN actual_rows = p_expected_rows THEN 'MATCH'
WHEN actual_rows < p_expected_rows THEN 'FEWER THAN EXPECTED'
ELSE 'MORE THAN EXPECTED'
END,
format('Expected %s, got %s', p_expected_rows, actual_rows);
END IF;
-- Reset context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
END;
$;
-- Usage examples:
SELECT * FROM debug_rls_access('users', '102'); -- Carol should see limited users
SELECT * FROM debug_rls_access('documents', '401', 10); -- Kelly should see more documents
SELECT * FROM debug_rls_access('expenses', '104'); -- Eve (contractor) should see few expenses
```
### Policy Testing Framework
```sql
-- Comprehensive RLS testing framework
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_rls_comprehensive()
RETURNS TABLE(
test_category TEXT,
test_name TEXT,
user_tested TEXT,
expected_behavior TEXT,
actual_result TEXT,
status TEXT
) LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $
DECLARE
test_users RECORD;
table_name TEXT;
row_count INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Test each major user type
FOR test_users IN
SELECT
u.id::text as user_id,
u.first_name || ' ' || u.last_name as name,
u.employee_type,
d.code as dept_code
FROM users u
JOIN departments d ON u.department_id = d.id
WHERE u.id IN (1, 101, 102, 104, 301, 401)
LOOP
-- Set user context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', test_users.user_id, true);
-- Test Users Table Access
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count FROM users;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'User Access'::TEXT,
'Users Table Visibility'::TEXT,
test_users.name,
CASE
WHEN test_users.user_id IN ('1', '301') THEN 'See all users'
WHEN test_users.employee_type = 'manager' THEN 'See department users'
ELSE 'See limited users'
END,
'Sees ' || row_count || ' users',
CASE
WHEN test_users.user_id IN ('1', '301') AND row_count >= 60 THEN 'PASS'
WHEN test_users.employee_type = 'manager' AND row_count BETWEEN 5 AND 60 THEN 'PASS'
WHEN test_users.employee_type NOT IN ('admin', 'manager') AND row_count <= 15 THEN 'PASS'
ELSE 'REVIEW'
END;
-- Test Documents by Security Level
FOR table_name IN SELECT unnest(ARRAY['public', 'internal', 'confidential', 'restricted']) LOOP
EXECUTE format('SELECT count(*) FROM documents WHERE security_level = %L', table_name)
INTO row_count;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Document Security'::TEXT,
table_name || ' Documents',
test_users.name,
CASE
WHEN table_name = 'public' THEN 'Should see all'
WHEN table_name = 'internal' AND test_users.user_id != '104' THEN 'Should see all'
WHEN table_name = 'confidential' AND test_users.employee_type IN ('admin', 'manager') THEN 'Should see some'
WHEN table_name = 'restricted' AND test_users.user_id IN ('1', '401') THEN 'Should see some'
ELSE 'Should see none or few'
END,
CASE WHEN row_count > 0 THEN 'Sees ' || row_count ELSE 'Sees none' END,
CASE
WHEN table_name = 'public' AND row_count > 0 THEN 'PASS'
WHEN table_name = 'internal' AND test_users.user_id != '104' AND row_count > 0 THEN 'PASS'
WHEN table_name = 'confidential' AND test_users.employee_type IN ('admin', 'manager') AND row_count > 0 THEN 'PASS'
WHEN table_name = 'restricted' AND test_users.user_id IN ('1', '401') AND row_count > 0 THEN 'PASS'
WHEN table_name = 'restricted' AND test_users.user_id NOT IN ('1', '401') AND row_count = 0 THEN 'PASS'
WHEN table_name = 'confidential' AND test_users.employee_type NOT IN ('admin', 'manager') AND row_count <= 1 THEN 'PASS'
ELSE 'REVIEW'
END;
END LOOP;
-- Test Expense Access
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count FROM expenses;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Expense Access'::TEXT,
'Expense Visibility'::TEXT,
test_users.name,
CASE
WHEN test_users.user_id IN ('1', '401') THEN 'See all expenses'
WHEN test_users.employee_type = 'manager' THEN 'See department expenses'
ELSE 'See own expenses only'
END,
'Sees ' || row_count || ' expenses',
CASE WHEN row_count > 0 THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'REVIEW' END;
END LOOP;
-- Reset context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
END;
$;
-- Run comprehensive RLS tests
SELECT * FROM test_rls_comprehensive()
ORDER BY test_category, user_tested, test_name;
```
**✅ Checkpoint 4 Complete:** You now have sophisticated Row-Level Security protecting all your data!
---
## Understanding What We've Built
### Multi-Layer Security System
1. **Application Layer**: User authentication and basic authorization
2. **RBAC Layer**: Role and feature-based permissions with flexible scoping
3. **Database Layer**: Row-Level Security automatically filtering data
4. **Audit Layer**: Comprehensive logging of sensitive data access
### Security Levels Implemented
1. **Public**: Accessible to everyone
2. **Internal**: Accessible to employees (not contractors)
3. **Confidential**: Accessible to managers and specialized staff
4. **Restricted**: Accessible only to finance staff and administrators
### Access Control Patterns
1. **Self-Access**: Users can always see their own data
2. **Hierarchical Access**: Managers see their department, admins see everything
3. **Role-Based Access**: Specialized roles (HR, Finance) have cross-department access
4. **Project-Based Access**: Team members see project-specific data
5. **Security-Level Access**: Documents filtered by classification level
---
## What's Next?
In **Part 5**, we'll thoroughly test our security system to ensure it works correctly:
- Comprehensive security validation
- Edge case testing
- Permission verification
- Performance analysis
- Real-world scenario testing
**Continue to [Part 5: Testing and Validation](TUTORIAL-Part5.md)**
---
## Chapter Summary
### ✅ Implemented Comprehensive RLS Policies
- **Users table**: Self + department + HR/admin access
- **Projects table**: Team members + department managers + admin
- **Documents table**: Multi-level security (public/internal/confidential/restricted)
- **Expenses table**: Submitter + approver + finance workflow
- **Project members table**: Project-based access control
### ✅ Created Advanced Security Patterns
- **Multi-level document security** with business logic
- **Hierarchical access control** (department → global)
- **Role-based cross-department access** for specialized staff
- **Project-based collaboration** across departments
- **Self-service access** for personal data
### ✅ Built Debugging and Testing Tools
- **RLS debugging functions** for troubleshooting
- **Comprehensive test framework** for validation
- **Performance analysis tools** for optimization
- **Policy verification utilities** for maintenance
### ✅ Established Production-Ready Security
- **Automatic data filtering** without application changes
- **Consistent security enforcement** across all access paths
- **Audit-ready structure** with comprehensive logging
- **Scalable permission model** that grows with the organization
The database now automatically enforces sophisticated business rules for data access, providing enterprise-grade security with zero application code changes required!

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# c77_rbac Tutorial - Part 5: Testing and Validation
**Tutorial Navigation:**
- [Part 1: Getting Started](TUTORIAL-Part1.md) - Prerequisites and installation
- [Part 2: Building the TechCorp Database](TUTORIAL-Part2.md) - Creating the schema and data
- [Part 3: Implementing RBAC](TUTORIAL-Part3.md) - Setting up roles and permissions
- [Part 4: Row-Level Security](TUTORIAL-Part4.md) - Applying access controls
- **Part 5: Testing and Validation** (this document) - Security testing
- [Part 6: Advanced Features](TUTORIAL-Part6.md) - Bulk operations and monitoring
---
## Chapter 5: Comprehensive Security Testing
Now we'll thoroughly test our security system to ensure it works correctly in all scenarios. This chapter covers comprehensive validation, edge cases, and real-world testing patterns.
### Step 1: Test User Isolation
Let's verify that users can only see appropriate data based on their roles and permissions:
```sql
-- Test as Alice (System Admin) - should see everything
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '1';
SELECT 'Alice (Admin) - Users visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_users,
count(CASE WHEN employee_type = 'admin' THEN 1 END) as admins,
count(CASE WHEN employee_type = 'manager' THEN 1 END) as managers,
count(CASE WHEN employee_type = 'employee' THEN 1 END) as employees
FROM users;
SELECT 'Alice (Admin) - Projects visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_projects,
count(CASE WHEN status = 'active' THEN 1 END) as active_projects
FROM projects;
SELECT 'Alice (Admin) - Documents by security level:' as test;
SELECT security_level, count(*) as document_count
FROM documents
GROUP BY security_level
ORDER BY security_level;
SELECT 'Alice (Admin) - Expenses visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_expenses,
sum(amount) as total_amount,
count(CASE WHEN status = 'approved' THEN 1 END) as approved_count
FROM expenses;
```
```sql
-- Test as Bob (Engineering Manager) - should see engineering department
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '101';
SELECT 'Bob (Eng Manager) - Users visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_users,
string_agg(DISTINCT d.name, ', ') as departments_visible
FROM users u
LEFT JOIN departments d ON u.department_id = d.id;
SELECT 'Bob (Eng Manager) - Projects visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_projects,
string_agg(p.name, ', ') as project_names
FROM projects p
JOIN departments d ON p.department_id = d.id;
SELECT 'Bob (Eng Manager) - Documents visible by security level:' as test;
SELECT security_level, count(*) as document_count
FROM documents
GROUP BY security_level
ORDER BY security_level;
SELECT 'Bob (Eng Manager) - Can access confidential docs:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as confidential_docs
FROM documents
WHERE security_level = 'confidential';
SELECT 'Bob (Eng Manager) - Cannot access restricted docs:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as restricted_docs
FROM documents
WHERE security_level = 'restricted';
```
```sql
-- Test as Carol (Regular Developer) - should see limited data
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '102';
SELECT 'Carol (Developer) - Users visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_users FROM users;
SELECT 'Carol (Developer) - Projects visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_projects,
string_agg(p.name, ', ') as accessible_projects
FROM projects p;
SELECT 'Carol (Developer) - Documents by security level:' as test;
SELECT security_level, count(*) as document_count
FROM documents
GROUP BY security_level
ORDER BY security_level;
SELECT 'Carol (Developer) - Own expenses vs total:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as visible_expenses,
count(CASE WHEN submitted_by = 102 THEN 1 END) as own_expenses
FROM expenses;
```
```sql
-- Test as Eve (Contractor) - should see very limited data
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '104';
SELECT 'Eve (Contractor) - Users visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_users FROM users;
SELECT 'Eve (Contractor) - Projects visible:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_projects,
string_agg(p.name, ', ') as accessible_projects
FROM projects p;
SELECT 'Eve (Contractor) - Documents by security level:' as test;
SELECT security_level, count(*) as document_count
FROM documents
GROUP BY security_level
ORDER BY security_level;
SELECT 'Eve (Contractor) - Can only see public and own documents:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_docs,
count(CASE WHEN security_level = 'public' THEN 1 END) as public_docs,
count(CASE WHEN author_id = 104 THEN 1 END) as own_docs
FROM documents;
```
### Step 2: Test Cross-Department Access
Verify that special roles (HR, Finance) can access data across departments:
```sql
-- Test as Iris (HR Manager) - should see all employees but limited other data
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '301';
SELECT 'Iris (HR Manager) - Can see all employees:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_users,
count(DISTINCT department_id) as departments_covered
FROM users;
SELECT 'Iris (HR Manager) - Can see confidential HR docs:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as confidential_docs
FROM documents
WHERE security_level = 'confidential';
SELECT 'Iris (HR Manager) - Cannot see restricted financial docs:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as restricted_docs
FROM documents
WHERE security_level = 'restricted';
SELECT 'Iris (HR Manager) - Department expense visibility:' as test;
SELECT d.name as department, count(e.id) as expense_count
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN expenses e ON d.id = e.department_id
GROUP BY d.name
ORDER BY d.name;
```
```sql
-- Test as Kelly (Finance Manager) - should see all expenses and restricted docs
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '401';
SELECT 'Kelly (Finance Manager) - Can see all expenses:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as total_expenses,
sum(amount) as total_amount,
count(DISTINCT department_id) as departments_covered
FROM expenses;
SELECT 'Kelly (Finance Manager) - Can see restricted docs:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as restricted_docs
FROM documents
WHERE security_level = 'restricted';
SELECT 'Kelly (Finance Manager) - Expense breakdown by department:' as test;
SELECT d.name as department,
count(e.id) as expense_count,
coalesce(sum(e.amount), 0) as total_amount
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN expenses e ON d.id = e.department_id
GROUP BY d.name
ORDER BY total_amount DESC;
```
### Step 3: Test Permission Functions Directly
Let's test the core permission functions with various scenarios:
```sql
-- Reset context for direct function testing
RESET "c77_rbac.external_id";
```
### Step 7: Integration Testing Scenarios
Let's test realistic application scenarios:
```sql
-- Create comprehensive integration test scenarios
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_real_world_scenarios()
RETURNS TABLE(
scenario_name TEXT,
user_name TEXT,
action_attempted TEXT,
expected_result TEXT,
actual_result TEXT,
test_status TEXT
) LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $
DECLARE
test_cases RECORD;
row_count INTEGER;
can_access_result BOOLEAN;
BEGIN
-- Scenario 1: Employee tries to view colleague's salary information
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '102', true); -- Carol
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count
FROM users
WHERE id != 102 AND salary IS NOT NULL;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Salary Privacy'::TEXT,
'Carol (Developer)'::TEXT,
'View colleague salaries'::TEXT,
'Should see limited/no salary data'::TEXT,
CASE WHEN row_count <= 5 THEN 'Limited access' ELSE 'Too much access' END,
CASE WHEN row_count <= 5 THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'FAIL' END;
-- Scenario 2: Manager approves department expense
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '101', true); -- Bob (Eng Manager)
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count
FROM expenses
WHERE department_id = 1 AND status = 'submitted';
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('approve_dept_expenses', '101', 'department', 'ENG')
INTO can_access_result;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Expense Approval'::TEXT,
'Bob (Eng Manager)'::TEXT,
'Approve engineering expenses'::TEXT,
'Should see dept expenses and have approval rights'::TEXT,
format('Sees %s expenses, can approve: %s', row_count, can_access_result),
CASE WHEN row_count > 0 AND can_access_result THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'FAIL' END;
-- Scenario 3: HR accesses employee data across all departments
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '301', true); -- Iris (HR)
SELECT count(DISTINCT department_id) INTO row_count FROM users;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'HR Cross-Department Access'::TEXT,
'Iris (HR Manager)'::TEXT,
'Access employees from all departments'::TEXT,
'Should see employees from all 5 departments'::TEXT,
format('Sees employees from %s departments', row_count),
CASE WHEN row_count >= 5 THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'FAIL' END;
-- Scenario 4: Contractor tries to access confidential project docs
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '104', true); -- Eve (Contractor)
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count
FROM documents
WHERE security_level = 'confidential';
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Contractor Document Access'::TEXT,
'Eve (Contractor)'::TEXT,
'Access confidential documents'::TEXT,
'Should see very few or no confidential docs'::TEXT,
format('Sees %s confidential documents', row_count),
CASE WHEN row_count <= 1 THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'FAIL' END;
-- Scenario 5: Finance staff reviews all company expenses
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '401', true); -- Kelly (Finance)
SELECT count(DISTINCT department_id) INTO row_count FROM expenses;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Finance Global Access'::TEXT,
'Kelly (Finance Manager)'::TEXT,
'Review expenses from all departments'::TEXT,
'Should see expenses from all departments'::TEXT,
format('Sees expenses from %s departments', row_count),
CASE WHEN row_count >= 4 THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'FAIL' END;
-- Scenario 6: Project member accesses project-specific data
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '102', true); -- Carol (Project Member)
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count
FROM projects p
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM project_members pm
WHERE pm.project_id = p.id AND pm.user_id = 102
);
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Project Team Access'::TEXT,
'Carol (Project Member)'::TEXT,
'Access assigned project data'::TEXT,
'Should see projects she is assigned to'::TEXT,
format('Sees %s assigned projects', row_count),
CASE WHEN row_count >= 2 THEN 'PASS' ELSE 'FAIL' END;
-- Reset context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
END;
$;
-- Run real-world scenario tests
SELECT 'Real-World Integration Test Results:' as test_section;
SELECT * FROM test_real_world_scenarios();
```
### Step 8: Security Validation Tests
Let's verify our security isolation is working properly:
```sql
-- Comprehensive security validation
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION validate_security_isolation()
RETURNS TABLE(
security_test TEXT,
description TEXT,
result TEXT,
security_status TEXT
) LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $
DECLARE
admin_count INTEGER;
user_count INTEGER;
isolation_breach BOOLEAN := FALSE;
BEGIN
-- Test 1: Verify users cannot access data without proper context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
SELECT count(*) INTO user_count FROM users;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'No Context Access'::TEXT,
'Data access without user context'::TEXT,
format('Returns %s rows', user_count),
CASE WHEN user_count = 0 THEN 'SECURE' ELSE 'BREACH' END;
-- Test 2: Verify admin sees more than regular users
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '1', true); -- Admin
SELECT count(*) INTO admin_count FROM users;
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '102', true); -- Regular user
SELECT count(*) INTO user_count FROM users;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Admin vs User Access'::TEXT,
'Admin should see more data than regular users'::TEXT,
format('Admin sees %s, User sees %s', admin_count, user_count),
CASE WHEN admin_count > user_count THEN 'SECURE' ELSE 'BREACH' END;
-- Test 3: Verify department isolation
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '101', true); -- Eng Manager
SELECT count(*) INTO user_count
FROM users u
JOIN departments d ON u.department_id = d.id
WHERE d.code = 'SALES';
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Department Isolation'::TEXT,
'Eng Manager should not see Sales employees'::TEXT,
format('Sees %s Sales employees', user_count),
CASE WHEN user_count = 0 THEN 'SECURE' ELSE 'BREACH' END;
-- Test 4: Verify contractor limitations
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '104', true); -- Contractor
SELECT count(*) INTO user_count
FROM documents
WHERE security_level IN ('confidential', 'restricted');
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Contractor Limitations'::TEXT,
'Contractor should not see confidential/restricted docs'::TEXT,
format('Sees %s sensitive documents', user_count),
CASE WHEN user_count <= 1 THEN 'SECURE' ELSE 'BREACH' END;
-- Test 5: Verify project access isolation
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '102', true); -- Carol
SELECT count(*) INTO user_count
FROM projects
WHERE id NOT IN (
SELECT project_id FROM project_members WHERE user_id = 102
);
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Project Access Isolation'::TEXT,
'User should not see projects they are not assigned to'::TEXT,
format('Sees %s unassigned projects', user_count),
CASE WHEN user_count = 0 THEN 'SECURE' ELSE 'REVIEW' END;
-- Test 6: Verify expense privacy
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '102', true); -- Carol
SELECT count(*) INTO user_count
FROM expenses
WHERE submitted_by != 102
AND department_id != 1; -- Not her department
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Expense Privacy'::TEXT,
'User should not see other departments expenses'::TEXT,
format('Sees %s other dept expenses', user_count),
CASE WHEN user_count = 0 THEN 'SECURE' ELSE 'REVIEW' END;
-- Reset context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
END;
$;
-- Run security validation tests
SELECT 'Security Isolation Validation:' as test_section;
SELECT * FROM validate_security_isolation();
```
### Step 9: Data Integrity Verification
Let's make sure our RBAC system maintains data integrity:
```sql
-- Verify data integrity and consistency
SELECT 'Data Integrity Verification:' as test_section;
-- Check 1: All users in RBAC have corresponding application records
SELECT 'Users in RBAC vs Application:' as integrity_check;
SELECT
(SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects) as rbac_subjects,
(SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE id::text IN (
SELECT external_id FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
)) as app_users_with_rbac,
CASE
WHEN (SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects) =
(SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE id::text IN (
SELECT external_id FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
))
THEN 'CONSISTENT'
ELSE 'INCONSISTENT'
END as status;
-- Check 2: All role assignments have valid subjects and roles
SELECT 'Role Assignment Integrity:' as integrity_check;
SELECT
(SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles) as total_assignments,
(SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subjects s ON sr.subject_id = s.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id) as valid_assignments,
CASE
WHEN (SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles) =
(SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subjects s ON sr.subject_id = s.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id)
THEN 'CONSISTENT'
ELSE 'INCONSISTENT'
END as status;
-- Check 3: All feature grants have valid roles and features
SELECT 'Feature Grant Integrity:' as integrity_check;
SELECT
(SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features) as total_grants,
(SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features rf
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON rf.role_id = r.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id) as valid_grants,
CASE
WHEN (SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features) =
(SELECT count(*) FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features rf
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON rf.role_id = r.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id)
THEN 'CONSISTENT'
ELSE 'INCONSISTENT'
END as status;
-- Check 4: RLS policies are active on critical tables
SELECT 'RLS Policy Status:' as integrity_check;
SELECT
tablename,
rowsecurity as rls_enabled,
(SELECT count(*) FROM pg_policies p WHERE p.tablename = t.tablename AND p.policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy') as rbac_policies
FROM pg_tables t
WHERE tablename IN ('users', 'documents', 'expenses', 'projects', 'project_members')
AND schemaname = 'public'
ORDER BY tablename;
```
### Step 10: Generate Comprehensive Test Report
Let's create a final comprehensive test report:
```sql
-- Generate final test report
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION generate_security_test_report()
RETURNS TEXT LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $
DECLARE
report TEXT := '';
test_count INTEGER;
pass_count INTEGER;
fail_count INTEGER;
BEGIN
report := 'C77_RBAC SECURITY TEST REPORT' || chr(10);
report := report || '====================================' || chr(10) || chr(10);
-- System Overview
report := report || 'SYSTEM OVERVIEW:' || chr(10);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects;
report := report || format('• Total Users in RBAC: %s', test_count) || chr(10);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM public.c77_rbac_roles;
report := report || format('• Total Roles: %s', test_count) || chr(10);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM public.c77_rbac_features;
report := report || format('• Total Features: %s', test_count) || chr(10);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles;
report := report || format('• Total Role Assignments: %s', test_count) || chr(10);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM pg_policies WHERE policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy';
report := report || format('• Tables with RLS: %s', test_count) || chr(10) || chr(10);
-- Security Test Results Summary
report := report || 'SECURITY VALIDATION RESULTS:' || chr(10);
-- Count passing security tests (simplified for this example)
pass_count := 0;
fail_count := 0;
-- Test 1: Admin access
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '1', true);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM users;
IF test_count >= 60 THEN
pass_count := pass_count + 1;
report := report || '✓ Admin Global Access: PASS' || chr(10);
ELSE
fail_count := fail_count + 1;
report := report || '✗ Admin Global Access: FAIL' || chr(10);
END IF;
-- Test 2: User isolation
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '102', true);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM users;
IF test_count < 60 THEN
pass_count := pass_count + 1;
report := report || '✓ User Data Isolation: PASS' || chr(10);
ELSE
fail_count := fail_count + 1;
report := report || '✗ User Data Isolation: FAIL' || chr(10);
END IF;
-- Test 3: Department isolation
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '101', true);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM users u JOIN departments d ON u.department_id = d.id WHERE d.code = 'SALES';
IF test_count = 0 THEN
pass_count := pass_count + 1;
report := report || '✓ Department Isolation: PASS' || chr(10);
ELSE
fail_count := fail_count + 1;
report := report || '✗ Department Isolation: FAIL' || chr(10);
END IF;
-- Test 4: Document security
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '104', true);
SELECT count(*) INTO test_count FROM documents WHERE security_level IN ('confidential', 'restricted');
IF test_count <= 1 THEN
pass_count := pass_count + 1;
report := report || '✓ Document Security Levels: PASS' || chr(10);
ELSE
fail_count := fail_count + 1;
report := report || '✗ Document Security Levels: FAIL' || chr(10);
END IF;
-- Reset context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
-- Summary
report := report || chr(10) || 'TEST SUMMARY:' || chr(10);
report := report || format('• Tests Passed: %s', pass_count) || chr(10);
report := report || format('• Tests Failed: %s', fail_count) || chr(10);
report := report || format('• Success Rate: %s%%', round(pass_count::numeric / (pass_count + fail_count) * 100, 1)) || chr(10) || chr(10);
-- Recommendations
report := report || 'RECOMMENDATIONS:' || chr(10);
IF fail_count = 0 THEN
report := report || '✓ Security system is functioning correctly' || chr(10);
report := report || '✓ Ready for production deployment' || chr(10);
ELSE
report := report || '⚠ Review failed tests before production' || chr(10);
report := report || '⚠ Verify RLS policies are correctly applied' || chr(10);
END IF;
report := report || chr(10) || 'FEATURES VERIFIED:' || chr(10);
report := report || '✓ Multi-level user access (Admin, Manager, Employee, Contractor)' || chr(10);
report := report || '✓ Department-based data isolation' || chr(10);
report := report || '✓ Document security levels (Public, Internal, Confidential, Restricted)' || chr(10);
report := report || '✓ Project-based team collaboration' || chr(10);
report := report || '✓ Cross-department access for specialized roles (HR, Finance)' || chr(10);
report := report || '✓ Row-Level Security automatic data filtering' || chr(10);
report := report || '✓ Hierarchical permission inheritance' || chr(10);
RETURN report;
END;
$;
-- Generate and display the comprehensive test report
SELECT generate_security_test_report();
```
**✅ Checkpoint 5:** You've completed comprehensive security testing and validation!
---
## Test Results Summary
Based on our comprehensive testing, here's what we've verified:
### ✅ **Access Control Validation**
- **System Admin**: Full access to all data across all departments
- **Department Managers**: Access to their department + management functions
- **Regular Employees**: Limited access to own data + departmental resources
- **Contractors**: Minimal access, project-specific only
- **Specialized Roles**: HR sees all employees, Finance sees all expenses
### ✅ **Security Isolation Confirmed**
- **Department Isolation**: Engineering manager cannot see Sales data
- **Document Security**: 4-level security (public/internal/confidential/restricted) working correctly
- **Project Access**: Team members see only assigned projects
- **Expense Privacy**: Users see only own expenses unless authorized
- **No Context Protection**: No data visible without proper user context
### ✅ **Business Rules Enforced**
- **Manager Approvals**: Department managers can approve their department's expenses
- **HR Global Access**: HR can view employees across all departments
- **Finance Oversight**: Finance staff can review all company expenses
- **Contractor Restrictions**: Limited to assigned projects and public documents
- **Author Override**: Document authors can always access their own documents
### ✅ **Data Integrity Maintained**
- **Consistent RBAC mappings** between application and security tables
- **Valid role assignments** with proper foreign key relationships
- **Active RLS policies** on all critical tables
- **Performance optimized** with appropriate indexes
### ✅ **Edge Cases Handled**
- **Invalid user contexts** properly rejected
- **Users without roles** have no access
- **Empty/NULL contexts** block all access
- **Complex queries** maintain security filtering
---
## What's Next?
In **Part 6**, we'll explore advanced features and production considerations:
- Bulk operations for large-scale user management
- Web application integration patterns
- Monitoring and maintenance procedures
- Performance optimization techniques
- Production deployment strategies
**Continue to [Part 6: Advanced Features](TUTORIAL-Part6.md)**
---
## Chapter Summary
### ✅ **Comprehensive Security Testing Complete**
- **50+ individual tests** covering all user types and scenarios
- **Real-world integration scenarios** validated
- **Edge cases and error conditions** properly handled
- **Performance testing** confirms system scales well
- **Security isolation** verified across all access patterns
### ✅ **Production-Ready Validation**
- **Data integrity** maintained across all operations
- **Business rules** properly enforced at database level
- **Multi-level security** working as designed
- **Cross-department access** controlled and auditable
- **Zero security breaches** detected in comprehensive testing
### ✅ **Enterprise-Grade Features Confirmed**
- **Automatic data filtering** without application code changes
- **Consistent security enforcement** regardless of access method
- **Hierarchical permission model** supports complex organizations
- **Flexible scoping system** adapts to various business needs
- **Audit-ready structure** with comprehensive access tracking
The security system has passed all tests and is ready for advanced features and production deployment!
SELECT 'Direct Permission Function Tests:' as test_section;
-- Test 1: Alice (admin) should have all permissions
SELECT 'Alice admin permissions:' as test_group;
SELECT
'manage_all_users' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_all_users', '1', 'global', 'all') as result;
SELECT
'access_all_departments' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('access_all_departments', '1', 'global', 'all') as result;
-- Test 2: Bob (eng manager) should manage his department but not others
SELECT 'Bob department management permissions:' as test_group;
SELECT
'manage ENG dept' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_dept_projects', '101', 'department', 'ENG') as result;
SELECT
'cannot manage SALES dept' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_dept_projects', '101', 'department', 'SALES') as result;
-- Test 3: Carol should see internal docs but not confidential
SELECT 'Carol document access permissions:' as test_group;
SELECT
'access internal docs' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('access_internal_docs', '102', 'global', 'all') as result;
SELECT
'cannot see confidential docs' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_confidential_docs', '102', 'department', 'ENG') as result;
-- Test 4: Eve (contractor) should have limited access
SELECT 'Eve contractor permissions:' as test_group;
SELECT
'view assigned projects' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_assigned_projects', '104', 'department', 'ENG') as result;
SELECT
'cannot manage users' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_all_users', '104', 'global', 'all') as result;
-- Test 5: Project-specific permissions
SELECT 'Project-specific permissions:' as test_group;
SELECT
'Bob can manage project 1' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('manage_project_team', '101', 'project', '1') as result;
SELECT
'Carol can view project 1' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_project_details', '102', 'project', '1') as result;
SELECT
'Carol cannot view project 3' as permission,
public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_project_details', '102', 'project', '3') as result;
```
### Step 4: Test Complex Business Rules
Let's verify our sophisticated document access rules work correctly:
```sql
-- Test document access by security level for different users
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_document_security_matrix()
RETURNS TABLE(
user_name TEXT,
user_role TEXT,
public_docs INTEGER,
internal_docs INTEGER,
confidential_docs INTEGER,
restricted_docs INTEGER,
total_docs INTEGER
) LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
DECLARE
test_users RECORD;
BEGIN
FOR test_users IN
SELECT
u.id::text as user_id,
u.first_name || ' ' || u.last_name as name,
CASE
WHEN u.id = 1 THEN 'System Admin'
WHEN u.id = 101 THEN 'Eng Manager'
WHEN u.id = 102 THEN 'Developer'
WHEN u.id = 104 THEN 'Contractor'
WHEN u.id = 301 THEN 'HR Manager'
WHEN u.id = 401 THEN 'Finance Manager'
END as role
FROM users u
WHERE u.id IN (1, 101, 102, 104, 301, 401)
LOOP
-- Set user context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', test_users.user_id, true);
-- Count documents by security level
RETURN QUERY
SELECT
test_users.name,
test_users.role,
(SELECT count(*)::integer FROM documents WHERE security_level = 'public'),
(SELECT count(*)::integer FROM documents WHERE security_level = 'internal'),
(SELECT count(*)::integer FROM documents WHERE security_level = 'confidential'),
(SELECT count(*)::integer FROM documents WHERE security_level = 'restricted'),
(SELECT count(*)::integer FROM documents);
END LOOP;
-- Reset context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
END;
$$;
-- Run the document security matrix test
SELECT 'Document Security Matrix Test:' as test_section;
SELECT * FROM test_document_security_matrix() ORDER BY user_name;
```
### Step 5: Test Edge Cases and Error Conditions
Let's test various edge cases to ensure our system is robust:
```sql
-- Test edge cases
SELECT 'Edge Case Testing:' as test_section;
-- Test 1: Invalid user ID
SELECT 'Test with invalid user ID:' as test;
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('view_posts', 'nonexistent_user', 'global', 'all') as result;
-- Test 2: NULL user context
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '';
SELECT 'Test with empty user context:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as visible_rows FROM users;
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO NULL;
SELECT 'Test with NULL user context:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as visible_rows FROM users;
-- Test 3: User without any roles
INSERT INTO users (id, email, first_name, last_name, department_id, employee_type)
VALUES (9999, 'noroles@test.com', 'No', 'Roles', 1, 'employee');
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '9999';
SELECT 'Test user with no RBAC roles:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as visible_users FROM users;
SELECT count(*) as visible_documents FROM documents;
-- Clean up test user
DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 9999;
-- Test 4: Verify RLS is actually active (not just returning all data)
RESET "c77_rbac.external_id";
SELECT 'Verify RLS is active - should see no data without context:' as test;
SELECT count(*) as users_without_context FROM users;
SELECT count(*) as docs_without_context FROM documents;
SELECT count(*) as expenses_without_context FROM expenses;
```
### Step 6: Performance and Scale Testing
Let's test how our system performs with the larger dataset:
```sql
-- Performance testing with timing
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_performance_scenarios()
RETURNS TABLE(
scenario TEXT,
user_context TEXT,
operation TEXT,
execution_time TEXT,
rows_affected INTEGER
) LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
DECLARE
start_time TIMESTAMP;
end_time TIMESTAMP;
row_count INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Test 1: Admin querying all users (should be fast)
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '1', true);
start_time := clock_timestamp();
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count FROM users;
end_time := clock_timestamp();
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Large Dataset Query'::TEXT,
'System Admin'::TEXT,
'SELECT all users'::TEXT,
(end_time - start_time)::TEXT,
row_count;
-- Test 2: Manager querying department (should be reasonably fast)
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '101', true);
start_time := clock_timestamp();
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count FROM users;
end_time := clock_timestamp();
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Department Query'::TEXT,
'Department Manager'::TEXT,
'SELECT department users'::TEXT,
(end_time - start_time)::TEXT,
row_count;
-- Test 3: Complex join query
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '102', true);
start_time := clock_timestamp();
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count
FROM users u
JOIN departments d ON u.department_id = d.id
JOIN expenses e ON u.id = e.submitted_by;
end_time := clock_timestamp();
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Complex Join'::TEXT,
'Regular Employee'::TEXT,
'Users+Departments+Expenses JOIN'::TEXT,
(end_time - start_time)::TEXT,
row_count;
-- Test 4: Document security filtering
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '104', true);
start_time := clock_timestamp();
SELECT count(*) INTO row_count FROM documents;
end_time := clock_timestamp();
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Security Filtering'::TEXT,
'Contractor'::TEXT,
'Document security check'::TEXT,
(end_time - start_time)::TEXT,
row_count;
-- Reset context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', '', true);
END;
$$;
-- Run performance tests
SELECT 'Performance Testing Results:' as test_section;
SELECT * FROM test_performance_scenarios();
-- Analyze query plans for key operations
SELECT 'Query Plan Analysis:' as test_section;
-- Test plan for user query with RLS
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '102';
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)
SELECT u.first_name, u.last_name, d.name as department
FROM users u
JOIN departments d ON u.department_id = d.id
LIMIT 10;
-- Test plan for document query with complex security
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)
SELECT title, security_level, author_id
FROM documents
WHERE security_level IN ('public', 'internal')
LIMIT 10;
RESET "c77_

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# c77_rbac Usage Guide - Part 1: Core Concepts and Basic Usage
This is Part 1 of the comprehensive c77_rbac usage guide. This part covers the fundamental concepts and basic usage patterns.
**Complete Guide Structure:**
- **Part 1: Core Concepts and Basic Usage** (this document)
- Part 2: Advanced Usage Scenarios and Time-Based Permissions
- Part 3: Framework Integration (Laravel, Django, Rails)
- Part 4: Real-World Examples and Performance Optimization
- Part 5: Security Best Practices and Troubleshooting
## Table of Contents
1. [Understanding c77_rbac Concepts](#understanding-c77_rbac-concepts)
2. [Basic Usage Patterns](#basic-usage-patterns)
## Understanding c77_rbac Concepts
### What is Database-Level Authorization?
Traditional application authorization happens in your code:
```php
// Traditional approach - authorization in application
if ($user->role === 'admin' || $user->department === $post->department) {
return Post::all(); // Returns ALL posts, then filters in PHP
}
```
With c77_rbac, authorization happens at the database level:
```php
// c77_rbac approach - authorization in database
return Post::all(); // Database automatically returns only allowed posts
```
### Core Architecture
```
Application User (external_id: '123')
↓
Subject (database record linking external_id to internal ID)
↓
Subject_Roles (user has roles with specific scopes)
↓
Role_Features (roles have specific permissions/features)
↓
RLS Policies (database automatically filters data)
```
### Key Components Explained
#### 1. Subjects (Users)
```sql
-- Subjects link your application users to RBAC
INSERT INTO c77_rbac_subjects (external_id) VALUES ('user_123');
-- External ID should match your application's user identifier
-- Usually: Laravel User ID, Django user.id, Rails user.id, etc.
```
#### 2. Roles
```sql
-- Roles are named collections of permissions
-- Examples: 'admin', 'manager', 'employee', 'customer', 'guest'
-- Roles get meaning through the features they're granted
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('manager', 'approve_requests');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('manager', 'view_team_reports');
```
#### 3. Features (Permissions)
```sql
-- Features are specific permissions that can be checked
-- Good naming convention: action_object
-- Examples:
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('editor', 'view_posts');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('editor', 'create_posts');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('editor', 'edit_posts');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('moderator', 'delete_posts');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', 'manage_users');
```
#### 4. Scopes (Context)
```sql
-- Scopes define WHERE a role applies
-- Format: scope_type/scope_id
-- Examples:
'global/all' -- Global access to everything
'department/engineering' -- Only engineering department
'region/north_america' -- Only North America region
'project/apollo_mission' -- Only Apollo project
'customer/enterprise_client' -- Only enterprise client data
'tenant/company_abc' -- Multi-tenant: only company ABC
```
#### 5. Row-Level Security Policies
```sql
-- Policies automatically filter database queries
-- Applied to tables to enforce permissions
-- Example: Users can only see posts in their department
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'posts', -- table name
'view_posts', -- required feature
'department', -- scope type
'department_id' -- column containing department ID
);
```
## Basic Usage Patterns
### Pattern 1: Simple Role-Based Access
Perfect for basic applications with clear role hierarchies.
```sql
-- Step 1: Define roles and their capabilities
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', 'manage_users');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', 'view_all_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', 'edit_all_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('manager', 'view_reports');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('manager', 'approve_requests');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'view_own_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('employee', 'submit_requests');
-- Step 2: Assign users to roles
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('1', 'admin', 'global', 'all');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('101', 'manager', 'global', 'all');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('201', 'employee', 'global', 'all');
-- Step 3: Apply policies to tables
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'user_profiles', 'view_own_data', 'user', 'user_id'
);
-- Step 4: Use in your application
-- Set user context
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '201';
-- Query automatically filtered
SELECT * FROM user_profiles; -- Only returns data for user 201
```
### Pattern 2: Department-Based Access
Common in organizations with department isolation.
```sql
-- Step 1: Create department-specific roles
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_admin', 'manage_dept_users');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_admin', 'view_dept_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_admin', 'edit_dept_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_member', 'view_dept_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('dept_member', 'create_requests');
-- Step 2: Assign users to departments
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('101', 'dept_admin', 'department', 'engineering');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('102', 'dept_member', 'department', 'engineering');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('201', 'dept_admin', 'department', 'marketing');
-- Step 3: Apply department-based policies
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'projects', 'view_dept_data', 'department', 'owning_department'
);
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'expenses', 'view_dept_data', 'department', 'department_code'
);
-- Step 4: Test department isolation
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '102'; -- Engineering member
SELECT * FROM projects; -- Only engineering projects
SELECT * FROM expenses; -- Only engineering expenses
```
### Pattern 3: Multi-Tenant Applications
Perfect for SaaS applications serving multiple clients.
```sql
-- Step 1: Define tenant-scoped roles
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('tenant_admin', 'manage_tenant_users');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('tenant_admin', 'view_tenant_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('tenant_admin', 'configure_tenant');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('tenant_user', 'view_tenant_data');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('tenant_user', 'edit_own_data');
-- Step 2: Assign users to tenants
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('1001', 'tenant_admin', 'tenant', 'company_a');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('1002', 'tenant_user', 'tenant', 'company_a');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('2001', 'tenant_admin', 'tenant', 'company_b');
-- Step 3: Apply tenant isolation policies
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'accounts', 'view_tenant_data', 'tenant', 'tenant_id'
);
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'invoices', 'view_tenant_data', 'tenant', 'tenant_id'
);
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'users', 'view_tenant_data', 'tenant', 'tenant_id'
);
-- Step 4: Perfect tenant isolation
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '1002'; -- Company A user
SELECT * FROM accounts; -- Only Company A accounts
SELECT * FROM invoices; -- Only Company A invoices
```
### Pattern 4: Hierarchical Organizations
For complex organizational structures with multiple levels.
```sql
-- Step 1: Define hierarchical roles
-- Global level
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('global_admin', 'manage_everything');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('global_admin', 'view_all_regions');
-- Regional level
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('regional_manager', 'manage_region');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('regional_manager', 'view_region_data');
-- Branch level
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('branch_manager', 'manage_branch');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('branch_manager', 'view_branch_data');
-- Store level
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('store_manager', 'manage_store');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('store_manager', 'view_store_data');
-- Step 2: Assign users to hierarchy levels
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('1', 'global_admin', 'global', 'all');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('101', 'regional_manager', 'region', 'west_coast');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('201', 'branch_manager', 'branch', 'west_coast_sf');
SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject('301', 'store_manager', 'store', 'sf_downtown');
-- Step 3: Apply hierarchical policies
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'sales_data', 'view_store_data', 'store', 'store_code'
);
SELECT public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
'inventory', 'view_branch_data', 'branch', 'branch_code'
);
-- Step 4: Each level sees appropriate data
SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO '301'; -- Store manager
SELECT * FROM sales_data; -- Only their store's data
```
---
**Continue to [Part 2: Advanced Usage Scenarios](USAGE-Part2.md)** for time-based permissions, conditional permissions, dynamic role assignment, and bulk operations.

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# c77_rbac Usage Guide - Part 2: Advanced Usage Scenarios
This is Part 2 of the comprehensive c77_rbac usage guide, covering advanced scenarios and time-based permissions.
**Complete Guide Structure:**
- Part 1: Core Concepts and Basic Usage
- **Part 2: Advanced Usage Scenarios** (this document)
- Part 3: Framework Integration (Laravel, Django, Rails)
- Part 4: Real-World Examples and Performance Optimization
- Part 5: Security Best Practices and Troubleshooting
## Table of Contents
1. [Advanced Usage Scenarios](#advanced-usage-scenarios)
2. [Bulk Operations for Large Organizations](#bulk-operations-for-large-organizations)
## Advanced Usage Scenarios
### Scenario 1: Time-Based Permissions
Implementing temporary access that expires automatically.
```sql
-- Step 1: Create temporary access tracking table
CREATE TABLE temporary_access (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
role_name TEXT NOT NULL,
scope_type TEXT NOT NULL,
scope_id TEXT NOT NULL,
expires_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
-- Step 2: Grant temporary access
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION grant_temporary_access(
p_user_id TEXT,
p_role TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT,
p_duration_hours INTEGER
) RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
temp_id INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Record the temporary access
INSERT INTO temporary_access (user_id, role_name, scope_type, scope_id, expires_at)
VALUES (p_user_id, p_role, p_scope_type, p_scope_id,
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + (p_duration_hours || ' hours')::INTERVAL)
RETURNING id INTO temp_id;
-- Grant the role
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(p_user_id, p_role, p_scope_type, p_scope_id);
RETURN temp_id;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
-- Step 3: Cleanup expired access (run via cron job)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cleanup_expired_access() RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
expired_record RECORD;
cleanup_count INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
FOR expired_record IN
SELECT * FROM temporary_access WHERE expires_at < CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
LOOP
-- Remove the role assignment
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role(
expired_record.user_id,
expired_record.role_name,
expired_record.scope_type,
expired_record.scope_id
);
-- Remove tracking record
DELETE FROM temporary_access WHERE id = expired_record.id;
cleanup_count := cleanup_count + 1;
END LOOP;
RETURN cleanup_count;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
-- Usage example:
-- Grant user 'temp_contractor' admin access to project 'urgent_fix' for 24 hours
SELECT grant_temporary_access('temp_contractor', 'project_admin', 'project', 'urgent_fix', 24);
```
### Scenario 2: Conditional Permissions
Permissions that depend on data state or business rules.
```sql
-- Step 1: Create business rule function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION can_edit_document(
p_user_id TEXT,
p_document_id INTEGER
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
DECLARE
doc_status TEXT;
doc_author TEXT;
user_dept TEXT;
doc_dept TEXT;
BEGIN
-- Get document info
SELECT status, author_id, department_id
INTO doc_status, doc_author, doc_dept
FROM documents WHERE id = p_document_id;
-- Authors can always edit their draft documents
IF doc_author = p_user_id AND doc_status = 'draft' THEN
RETURN TRUE;
END IF;
-- Department editors can edit department documents
IF public.c77_rbac_can_access('edit_dept_documents', p_user_id, 'department', doc_dept) THEN
RETURN TRUE;
END IF;
-- Published documents can only be edited by administrators
IF doc_status = 'published' THEN
RETURN public.c77_rbac_can_access('edit_published_documents', p_user_id, 'global', 'all');
END IF;
RETURN FALSE;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Step 2: Create conditional RLS policy
CREATE POLICY documents_conditional_edit ON documents
FOR UPDATE
USING (can_edit_document(current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true)::TEXT, id));
-- Step 3: Enable RLS
ALTER TABLE documents ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
```
### Scenario 3: Dynamic Role Assignment
Automatically assign roles based on user attributes or actions.
```sql
-- Step 1: Create dynamic role assignment function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION assign_roles_on_user_update()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
-- Remove old role assignments
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role(
OLD.id::TEXT, 'dept_member', 'department', OLD.department_id
);
-- Assign new department role
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(
NEW.id::TEXT, 'dept_member', 'department', NEW.department_id
);
-- Auto-promote to manager if they manage others
IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE manager_id = NEW.id) THEN
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(
NEW.id::TEXT, 'manager', 'department', NEW.department_id
);
END IF;
-- Auto-assign admin role if they're in IT department
IF NEW.department_id = 'IT' THEN
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(
NEW.id::TEXT, 'it_admin', 'global', 'all'
);
END IF;
RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
-- Step 2: Create trigger
CREATE TRIGGER user_role_sync
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON users
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION assign_roles_on_user_update();
```
### Scenario 4: Context-Aware Permissions
Permissions that vary based on current system state or user context.
```sql
-- Example: Users can only edit their own posts during business hours
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION can_edit_post_with_context(
p_user_id TEXT,
p_post_id INTEGER
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
DECLARE
post_author TEXT;
current_hour INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Get post author
SELECT author_id INTO post_author FROM posts WHERE id = p_post_id;
-- Admins can always edit
IF public.c77_rbac_can_access('admin_edit_posts', p_user_id, 'global', 'all') THEN
RETURN TRUE;
END IF;
-- Check if it's the author
IF post_author != p_user_id THEN
RETURN FALSE;
END IF;
-- Check business hours (9 AM to 5 PM)
current_hour := EXTRACT(HOUR FROM CURRENT_TIME);
IF current_hour < 9 OR current_hour >= 17 THEN
RETURN FALSE; -- Outside business hours
END IF;
-- Check if user has regular edit permission
RETURN public.c77_rbac_can_access('edit_own_posts', p_user_id, 'global', 'all');
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Apply conditional policy
CREATE POLICY posts_context_edit ON posts
FOR UPDATE
USING (can_edit_post_with_context(current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true)::TEXT, id));
```
## Bulk Operations for Large Organizations
### Efficiently Managing Thousands of Users
```sql
-- Step 1: Bulk assign all employees to basic role
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
(SELECT array_agg(id::TEXT) FROM users WHERE employment_status = 'active'),
'employee',
'global',
'all'
);
-- Step 2: Bulk assign department-specific roles
DO $$
DECLARE
dept_record RECORD;
user_ids TEXT[];
BEGIN
FOR dept_record IN SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM users
LOOP
-- Get all users in this department
SELECT array_agg(id::TEXT) INTO user_ids
FROM users WHERE department_id = dept_record.department_id;
-- Bulk assign department role
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
user_ids,
'dept_member',
'department',
dept_record.department_id
);
RAISE NOTICE 'Assigned % users to department %',
array_length(user_ids, 1), dept_record.department_id;
END LOOP;
END $$;
-- Step 3: Bulk promote managers
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
(SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT manager_id::TEXT)
FROM users WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL),
'manager',
'global',
'all'
);
```
### Batch Processing for Performance
```sql
-- Process users in batches to avoid memory issues
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION bulk_assign_by_batches(
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT,
p_batch_size INTEGER DEFAULT 1000
) RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
total_users INTEGER;
processed_users INTEGER := 0;
batch_start INTEGER := 1;
batch_end INTEGER;
user_batch TEXT[];
BEGIN
-- Get total count
SELECT count(*) INTO total_users FROM users WHERE employment_status = 'active';
WHILE processed_users < total_users LOOP
-- Calculate batch boundaries
batch_end := LEAST(batch_start + p_batch_size - 1, total_users);
-- Get batch of user IDs
SELECT array_agg(id::TEXT) INTO user_batch
FROM (
SELECT id FROM users
WHERE employment_status = 'active'
ORDER BY id
OFFSET (batch_start - 1)
LIMIT p_batch_size
) batch_users;
-- Process batch
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
user_batch, p_role_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_id
);
processed_users := processed_users + array_length(user_batch, 1);
batch_start := batch_end + 1;
RAISE NOTICE 'Processed % of % users', processed_users, total_users;
END LOOP;
RETURN processed_users;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
-- Usage: Process all users in batches of 500
SELECT bulk_assign_by_batches('employee', 'global', 'all', 500);
```
### Bulk Role Transitions
```sql
-- Example: Promote all senior employees to manager role
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION promote_senior_employees() RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
senior_employee_ids TEXT[];
promotion_count INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Find senior employees (example criteria)
SELECT array_agg(id::TEXT) INTO senior_employee_ids
FROM users
WHERE employment_status = 'active'
AND hire_date < CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '5 years'
AND salary > 75000
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
WHERE s.external_id = users.id::TEXT
AND r.name = 'manager'
);
IF senior_employee_ids IS NOT NULL THEN
-- Bulk promote to manager
SELECT count(*) INTO promotion_count
FROM public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
senior_employee_ids,
'manager',
'department',
'all' -- or specific department logic
) WHERE success = true;
RAISE NOTICE 'Promoted % senior employees to manager role', promotion_count;
RETURN promotion_count;
ELSE
RAISE NOTICE 'No senior employees found for promotion';
RETURN 0;
END IF;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
```
### Bulk Cleanup Operations
```sql
-- Remove roles from inactive users
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cleanup_inactive_users() RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
inactive_user_ids TEXT[];
cleanup_count INTEGER := 0;
user_id TEXT;
BEGIN
-- Find inactive users
SELECT array_agg(id::TEXT) INTO inactive_user_ids
FROM users
WHERE employment_status = 'inactive'
OR last_login < CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '6 months';
-- Remove all role assignments for inactive users
FOREACH user_id IN ARRAY inactive_user_ids LOOP
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr
WHERE sr.subject_id = (
SELECT subject_id FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
WHERE external_id = user_id
);
GET DIAGNOSTICS cleanup_count = cleanup_count + ROW_COUNT;
END LOOP;
RAISE NOTICE 'Removed % role assignments from inactive users', cleanup_count;
RETURN cleanup_count;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
```
---
**Continue to [Part 3: Framework Integration](USAGE-Part3.md)** for detailed Laravel, Django, and Rails integration examples.

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# c77_rbac Usage Guide - Part 3: Framework Integration
This is Part 3 of the comprehensive c77_rbac usage guide, covering detailed integration with popular web frameworks.
**Complete Guide Structure:**
- Part 1: Core Concepts and Basic Usage
- Part 2: Advanced Usage Scenarios
- **Part 3: Framework Integration** (this document)
- Part 4: Real-World Examples and Performance Optimization
- Part 5: Security Best Practices and Troubleshooting
## Table of Contents
1. [Laravel Integration](#laravel-integration)
2. [Django Integration](#django-integration)
3. [Ruby on Rails Integration](#ruby-on-rails-integration)
4. [Node.js Integration](#nodejs-integration)
## Laravel Integration
### Complete Laravel Setup
#### 1. Service Provider
```php
<?php
// app/Providers/RbacServiceProvider.php
namespace App\Providers;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Gate;
use App\Services\RbacService;
class RbacServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
public function register()
{
$this->app->singleton(RbacService::class);
}
public function boot()
{
// Register middleware
$this->app['router']->aliasMiddleware('rbac.context',
\App\Http\Middleware\SetRbacContext::class);
$this->app['router']->aliasMiddleware('rbac.require',
\App\Http\Middleware\RequirePermission::class);
// Integrate with Laravel Gates
Gate::before(function ($user, $ability) {
// Check RBAC format: 'feature:scope_type/scope_id'
if (strpos($ability, ':') !== false) {
[$feature, $scope] = explode(':', $ability, 2);
if (strpos($scope, '/') !== false) {
[$scopeType, $scopeId] = explode('/', $scope, 2);
return app(RbacService::class)->can($feature, $scopeType, $scopeId);
}
}
// Default to global scope
return app(RbacService::class)->can($ability, 'global', 'all');
});
// Register Artisan commands
if ($this->app->runningInConsole()) {
$this->commands([
\App\Console\Commands\RbacAssignRole::class,
\App\Console\Commands\RbacSyncAdmin::class,
\App\Console\Commands\RbacListPermissions::class,
]);
}
}
}
```
#### 2. RBAC Service
```php
<?php
// app/Services/RbacService.php
namespace App\Services;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
class RbacService
{
/**
* Check if current user has access to a feature
*/
public function can(string $feature, string $scopeType = 'global', string $scopeId = 'all'): bool
{
if (!Auth::check()) {
return false;
}
$userId = Auth::id();
$cacheKey = "rbac:can:{$userId}:{$feature}:{$scopeType}:{$scopeId}";
return Cache::remember($cacheKey, 300, function () use ($feature, $userId, $scopeType, $scopeId) {
try {
$result = DB::selectOne(
'SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access(?, ?, ?, ?) AS allowed',
[$feature, (string)$userId, $scopeType, $scopeId]
);
return $result->allowed ?? false;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
Log::error('RBAC permission check failed', [
'feature' => $feature,
'user_id' => $userId,
'scope_type' => $scopeType,
'scope_id' => $scopeId,
'error' => $e->getMessage()
]);
return false;
}
});
}
/**
* Assign role to user
*/
public function assignRole(int $userId, string $role, string $scopeType = 'global', string $scopeId = 'all'): bool
{
try {
DB::statement(
'SELECT public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(?, ?, ?, ?)',
[(string)$userId, $role, $scopeType, $scopeId]
);
// Clear user's permission cache
$this->clearUserCache($userId);
Log::info('Role assigned', [
'user_id' => $userId,
'role' => $role,
'scope_type' => $scopeType,
'scope_id' => $scopeId
]);
return true;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
Log::error('Failed to assign role', [
'user_id' => $userId,
'role' => $role,

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# c77_rbac Usage Guide - Part 5: Security Best Practices and Troubleshooting
This is the final part of the comprehensive c77_rbac usage guide, covering security best practices, troubleshooting, and production guidelines.
**Complete Guide Structure:**
- Part 1: Core Concepts and Basic Usage
- Part 2: Advanced Usage Scenarios
- Part 3: Framework Integration
- Part 4: Real-World Examples and Performance
- **Part 5: Security Best Practices and Troubleshooting** (this document)
## Table of Contents
1. [Security Best Practices](#security-best-practices)
2. [Troubleshooting and Debugging](#troubleshooting-and-debugging)
3. [Production Guidelines](#production-guidelines)
4. [API Reference](#api-reference)
## Security Best Practices
### Input Validation and Sanitization
```sql
-- 1. Enhanced input validation function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.validate_rbac_inputs(
p_external_id TEXT,
p_role_name TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_scope_type TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_scope_id TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_feature_name TEXT DEFAULT NULL
) RETURNS void AS $$
BEGIN
-- External ID validation
IF p_external_id IS NULL OR length(trim(p_external_id)) = 0 THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'external_id cannot be NULL or empty'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF length(p_external_id) > 255 THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'external_id too long (max 255 characters)'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
-- Role name validation
IF p_role_name IS NOT NULL THEN
IF length(trim(p_role_name)) = 0 THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be empty'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_role_name !~ '^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name contains invalid characters (use only letters, numbers, underscore, hyphen)'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
END IF;
-- Scope type validation
IF p_scope_type IS NOT NULL THEN
IF length(trim(p_scope_type)) = 0 THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'scope_type cannot be empty'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_scope_type !~ '^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'scope_type contains invalid characters'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
END IF;
-- Feature name validation
IF p_feature_name IS NOT NULL THEN
IF length(trim(p_feature_name)) = 0 THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'feature_name cannot be empty'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_feature_name !~ '^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'feature_name contains invalid characters'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
END IF;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
-- 2. SQL injection prevention in dynamic policies
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_apply_policy_secure(
p_table_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_column TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_schema_name TEXT;
v_table_name TEXT;
v_quoted_table TEXT;
v_quoted_column TEXT;
BEGIN
-- Validate all inputs
PERFORM public.validate_rbac_inputs(
'dummy', NULL, p_scope_type, NULL, p_feature_name
);
-- Validate table name format
IF p_table_name !~ '^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*(\.[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)?$' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Invalid table name format'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
-- Validate column name
IF p_scope_column !~ '^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Invalid column name format'
USING ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
-- Parse and quote identifiers safely
IF position('.' IN p_table_name) > 0 THEN
v_schema_name := split_part(p_table_name, '.', 1);
v_table_name := split_part(p_table_name, '.', 2);
v_quoted_table := quote_ident(v_schema_name) || '.' || quote_ident(v_table_name);
ELSE
v_quoted_table := quote_ident(p_table_name);
END IF;
v_quoted_column := quote_ident(p_scope_column);
-- Verify table and column exist
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_verify_table_column(p_table_name, p_scope_column);
-- Create policy with proper quoting
EXECUTE format(
'CREATE POLICY c77_rbac_policy ON %s FOR ALL TO PUBLIC USING (
public.c77_rbac_can_access(%L, current_setting(%L, true), %L, %s::text)
)',
v_quoted_table,
p_feature_name,
'c77_rbac.external_id',
p_scope_type,
v_quoted_column
);
-- Enable RLS
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %s ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY', v_quoted_table);
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %s FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY', v_quoted_table);
RAISE NOTICE 'Applied secure RLS policy to %', v_quoted_table;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
```
### Audit and Monitoring
```sql
-- 1. Comprehensive audit logging
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_audit_log (
id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
action TEXT NOT NULL, -- 'role_assigned', 'role_revoked', 'feature_granted', etc.
subject_external_id TEXT,
role_name TEXT,
feature_name TEXT,
scope_type TEXT,
scope_id TEXT,
performed_by TEXT,
ip_address INET,
user_agent TEXT,
session_id TEXT,
success BOOLEAN NOT NULL,
error_message TEXT,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
CREATE INDEX idx_rbac_audit_log_created_at ON public.c77_rbac_audit_log(created_at);
CREATE INDEX idx_rbac_audit_log_subject ON public.c77_rbac_audit_log(subject_external_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_rbac_audit_log_action ON public.c77_rbac_audit_log(action);
-- 2. Audit logging function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_log_action(
p_action TEXT,
p_subject_external_id TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_role_name TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_feature_name TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_scope_type TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_scope_id TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_success BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE,
p_error_message TEXT DEFAULT NULL
) RETURNS void AS $
BEGIN
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_audit_log (
action,
subject_external_id,
role_name,
feature_name,
scope_type,
scope_id,
performed_by,
ip_address,
success,
error_message
) VALUES (
p_action,
p_subject_external_id,
p_role_name,
p_feature_name,
p_scope_type,
p_scope_id,
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true),
inet_client_addr(),
p_success,
p_error_message
);
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- 3. Enhanced functions with audit logging
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_assign_subject_audited(
p_external_id TEXT,
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $
BEGIN
-- Perform the assignment
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(p_external_id, p_role_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_id);
-- Log success
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_log_action(
'role_assigned',
p_external_id,
p_role_name,
NULL,
p_scope_type,
p_scope_id,
TRUE
);
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
-- Log failure
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_log_action(
'role_assigned',
p_external_id,
p_role_name,
NULL,
p_scope_type,
p_scope_id,
FALSE,
SQLERRM
);
-- Re-raise the exception
RAISE;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
```
### Session Management
```sql
-- 1. Session context validation
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_validate_session_context()
RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $
DECLARE
v_external_id TEXT;
v_session_start TIMESTAMP;
BEGIN
-- Get current external_id
v_external_id := current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true);
-- Check if external_id is set
IF v_external_id IS NULL OR v_external_id = '' THEN
RETURN FALSE;
END IF;
-- Verify the user exists in our system
IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects WHERE external_id = v_external_id) THEN
RAISE WARNING 'RBAC context set for non-existent user: %', v_external_id;
RETURN FALSE;
END IF;
RETURN TRUE;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- 2. Automatic session cleanup
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_cleanup_stale_sessions()
RETURNS INTEGER AS $
DECLARE
v_cleanup_count INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
-- In a real implementation, you might track active sessions
-- and clean up orphaned session variables
-- For now, just log current sessions
RAISE NOTICE 'Current RBAC context: %',
current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true);
RETURN v_cleanup_count;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
```
### Application-Level Security
```php
// Laravel security middleware example
<?php
namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\RateLimiter;
class SecureRbacContext
{
public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next)
{
if (!Auth::check()) {
return $next($request);
}
$userId = Auth::id();
// Rate limiting for permission checks
$key = 'rbac-context:' . $userId;
if (RateLimiter::tooManyAttempts($key, 100)) {
Log::warning('RBAC context rate limit exceeded', ['user_id' => $userId]);
abort(429, 'Too many requests');
}
RateLimiter::hit($key, 60); // 100 requests per minute
try {
// Validate user exists and is active
$user = Auth::user();
if (!$user->is_active) {
Log::warning('Inactive user attempted RBAC context', ['user_id' => $userId]);
Auth::logout();
abort(403, 'Account deactivated');
}
// Set RBAC context with validation
DB::statement('SET "c77_rbac.external_id" TO ?', [$userId]);
// Verify context was set correctly
$setContext = DB::selectOne('SELECT current_setting(?, true) as context',
['c77_rbac.external_id'])->context;
if ($setContext !== (string)$userId) {
Log::error('RBAC context validation failed', [
'user_id' => $userId,
'set_context' => $setContext
]);
abort(500, 'Security context error');
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
Log::error('Failed to set secure RBAC context', [
'user_id' => $userId,
'error' => $e->getMessage(),
'trace' => $e->getTraceAsString()
]);
abort(500, 'Security initialization failed');
}
$response = $next($request);
// Clean up context
try {
DB::statement('RESET "c77_rbac.external_id"');
} catch (\Exception $e) {
Log::debug('Failed to cleanup RBAC context', ['error' => $e->getMessage()]);
}
return $response;
}
}
```
## Troubleshooting and Debugging
### Common Issues and Solutions
#### Issue 1: RLS Policy Not Working
```sql
-- Diagnostic queries for RLS issues
-- 1. Check if RLS is enabled on table
SELECT schemaname, tablename, rowsecurity
FROM pg_tables
WHERE tablename = 'your_table_name';
-- 2. Check existing policies
SELECT schemaname, tablename, policyname, permissive, roles, cmd, qual
FROM pg_policies
WHERE tablename = 'your_table_name';
-- 3. Verify current session context
SELECT current_setting('c77_rbac.external_id', true) as current_user_id;
-- 4. Test permission directly
SELECT public.c77_rbac_can_access('your_feature', 'your_user_id', 'scope_type', 'scope_id');
-- 5. Check user roles
SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles('your_user_id');
-- 6. Debug query execution plan
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, VERBOSE)
SELECT * FROM your_table;
```
#### Issue 2: Performance Problems
```sql
-- Performance diagnostic queries
-- 1. Identify slow RBAC queries
SELECT
query,
mean_exec_time,
calls,
total_exec_time
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE query ILIKE '%c77_rbac%'
ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;
-- 2. Check index usage
SELECT
schemaname,
tablename,
indexname,
idx_scan,
idx_tup_read,
idx_tup_fetch
FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
WHERE tablename LIKE 'c77_rbac_%'
ORDER BY idx_scan DESC;
-- 3. Analyze table statistics
SELECT
schemaname,
tablename,
n_tup_ins,
n_tup_upd,
n_tup_del,
n_live_tup,
n_dead_tup
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE tablename LIKE 'c77_rbac_%';
-- 4. Check for missing indexes
SELECT
t.tablename,
c.column_name
FROM information_schema.tables t
JOIN information_schema.columns c ON t.table_name = c.table_name
WHERE t.table_schema = 'public'
AND t.table_name LIKE 'c77_rbac_%'
AND c.column_name IN ('external_id', 'role_id', 'subject_id', 'scope_type', 'scope_id')
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM pg_indexes i
WHERE i.tablename = t.table_name
AND i.indexdef ILIKE '%' || c.column_name || '%'
);
```
#### Issue 3: Permission Denied Errors
```sql
-- Debug permission issues
-- 1. Check function permissions
SELECT
routine_name,
routine_type,
security_type,
definer_privileges
FROM information_schema.routines
WHERE routine_name LIKE 'c77_rbac_%';
-- 2. Verify user grants
SELECT
grantee,
privilege_type,
is_grantable
FROM information_schema.routine_privileges
WHERE routine_name LIKE 'c77_rbac_%'
AND grantee = 'your_app_user';
-- 3. Check table permissions
SELECT
table_name,
privilege_type,
is_grantable
FROM information_schema.table_privileges
WHERE table_name LIKE 'c77_rbac_%'
AND grantee = 'your_app_user';
-- 4. Comprehensive permission check
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION debug_user_permissions(p_user_id TEXT)
RETURNS TABLE(
check_type TEXT,
check_result TEXT,
details TEXT
) AS $
BEGIN
-- Check if user exists in RBAC
RETURN QUERY
SELECT
'User Exists'::TEXT,
CASE WHEN EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects WHERE external_id = p_user_id)
THEN 'YES' ELSE 'NO' END,
'User record in c77_rbac_subjects'::TEXT;
-- Check user roles
RETURN QUERY
SELECT
'Role Count'::TEXT,
count(*)::TEXT,
'Total roles assigned to user'::TEXT
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_user_id;
-- Check features available
RETURN QUERY
SELECT
'Feature Count'::TEXT,
count(DISTINCT f.name)::TEXT,
'Total features available to user'::TEXT
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON sr.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_user_id;
-- Check for admin access
RETURN QUERY
SELECT
'Admin Access'::TEXT,
CASE WHEN EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_user_id
AND sr.scope_type = 'global'
AND sr.scope_id = 'all'
) THEN 'YES' ELSE 'NO' END,
'User has global admin access'::TEXT;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Usage: SELECT * FROM debug_user_permissions('your_user_id');
```
#### Issue 4: Data Not Visible Despite Permissions
```sql
-- Debug data visibility issues
-- 1. Check RLS bypass for debugging (use with caution!)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION debug_rls_bypass(
p_table_name TEXT,
p_user_id TEXT
) RETURNS TABLE(total_rows BIGINT, visible_rows BIGINT) AS $
DECLARE
v_total BIGINT;
v_visible BIGINT;
BEGIN
-- Count total rows (bypassing RLS)
EXECUTE format('SELECT count(*) FROM %I', p_table_name) INTO v_total;
-- Set user context and count visible rows
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', p_user_id, true);
EXECUTE format('SELECT count(*) FROM %I', p_table_name) INTO v_visible;
total_rows := v_total;
visible_rows := v_visible;
RETURN NEXT;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- 2. Analyze specific row access
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION debug_row_access(
p_table_name TEXT,
p_row_id INTEGER,
p_user_id TEXT
) RETURNS TABLE(can_access BOOLEAN, reason TEXT) AS $
DECLARE
v_policy_condition TEXT;
v_result BOOLEAN;
BEGIN
-- Get the policy condition for the table
SELECT qual INTO v_policy_condition
FROM pg_policies
WHERE tablename = p_table_name
AND policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy';
IF v_policy_condition IS NULL THEN
can_access := FALSE;
reason := 'No RBAC policy found on table';
RETURN NEXT;
RETURN;
END IF;
-- Set user context
PERFORM set_config('c77_rbac.external_id', p_user_id, true);
-- Test access to specific row
EXECUTE format('SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM %I WHERE id = %s)', p_table_name, p_row_id)
INTO v_result;
can_access := v_result;
reason := CASE WHEN v_result THEN 'Access granted' ELSE 'Access denied by RLS policy' END;
RETURN NEXT;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
```
### Debugging Tools and Utilities
```sql
-- 1. RBAC health check function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_health_check()
RETURNS TABLE(
check_name TEXT,
status TEXT,
message TEXT,
recommendation TEXT
) AS $
DECLARE
v_orphaned_subjects INTEGER;
v_orphaned_roles INTEGER;
v_unused_features INTEGER;
v_policy_count INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Check for orphaned subjects (users with no roles)
SELECT count(*) INTO v_orphaned_subjects
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
LEFT JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
WHERE sr.subject_id IS NULL;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Orphaned Subjects'::TEXT,
CASE WHEN v_orphaned_subjects = 0 THEN 'OK' ELSE 'WARNING' END,
format('%s subjects without roles', v_orphaned_subjects),
CASE WHEN v_orphaned_subjects > 0 THEN 'Clean up unused subjects' ELSE 'None' END;
-- Check for roles without features
SELECT count(*) INTO v_orphaned_roles
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles r
LEFT JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
WHERE rf.role_id IS NULL;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Roles Without Features'::TEXT,
CASE WHEN v_orphaned_roles = 0 THEN 'OK' ELSE 'WARNING' END,
format('%s roles without features', v_orphaned_roles),
CASE WHEN v_orphaned_roles > 0 THEN 'Assign features to roles or remove unused roles' ELSE 'None' END;
-- Check for unused features
SELECT count(*) INTO v_unused_features
FROM public.c77_rbac_features f
LEFT JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON f.feature_id = rf.feature_id
WHERE rf.feature_id IS NULL;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Unused Features'::TEXT,
CASE WHEN v_unused_features = 0 THEN 'OK' ELSE 'INFO' END,
format('%s features not assigned to any role', v_unused_features),
CASE WHEN v_unused_features > 0 THEN 'Consider removing unused features' ELSE 'None' END;
-- Check active policies
SELECT count(*) INTO v_policy_count
FROM pg_policies WHERE policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy';
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Active Policies'::TEXT,
CASE WHEN v_policy_count > 0 THEN 'OK' ELSE 'WARNING' END,
format('%s tables protected by RBAC policies', v_policy_count),
CASE WHEN v_policy_count = 0 THEN 'Apply RLS policies to tables' ELSE 'None' END;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- 2. Performance monitoring
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_performance_report()
RETURNS TABLE(
metric_name TEXT,
metric_value TEXT,
status TEXT
) AS $
DECLARE
v_avg_permission_check_time FLOAT;
v_total_subjects INTEGER;
v_total_assignments INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Get average permission check time (requires pg_stat_statements)
SELECT avg(mean_exec_time) INTO v_avg_permission_check_time
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE query ILIKE '%c77_rbac_can_access%';
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Avg Permission Check Time'::TEXT,
coalesce(v_avg_permission_check_time::TEXT || 'ms', 'No data'),
CASE
WHEN v_avg_permission_check_time IS NULL THEN 'UNKNOWN'
WHEN v_avg_permission_check_time < 10 THEN 'GOOD'
WHEN v_avg_permission_check_time < 50 THEN 'OK'
ELSE 'SLOW'
END;
-- System size metrics
SELECT count(*) INTO v_total_subjects FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects;
SELECT count(*) INTO v_total_assignments FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Total Subjects'::TEXT,
v_total_subjects::TEXT,
CASE
WHEN v_total_subjects < 1000 THEN 'SMALL'
WHEN v_total_subjects < 10000 THEN 'MEDIUM'
ELSE 'LARGE'
END;
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Total Role Assignments'::TEXT,
v_total_assignments::TEXT,
CASE
WHEN v_total_assignments < 5000 THEN 'SMALL'
WHEN v_total_assignments < 50000 THEN 'MEDIUM'
ELSE 'LARGE'
END;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- 3. Security audit
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_security_audit()
RETURNS TABLE(
audit_item TEXT,
finding TEXT,
severity TEXT,
recommendation TEXT
) AS $
DECLARE
v_global_admins INTEGER;
v_recent_changes INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Check for excessive global admins
SELECT count(DISTINCT s.external_id) INTO v_global_admins
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
WHERE sr.scope_type = 'global' AND sr.scope_id = 'all';
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Global Admin Count'::TEXT,
format('%s users with global admin access', v_global_admins),
CASE
WHEN v_global_admins <= 2 THEN 'LOW'
WHEN v_global_admins <= 5 THEN 'MEDIUM'
ELSE 'HIGH'
END,
CASE
WHEN v_global_admins > 5 THEN 'Review global admin assignments'
ELSE 'Global admin count is reasonable'
END;
-- Check for recent permission changes
SELECT count(*) INTO v_recent_changes
FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles
WHERE created_at > CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '24 hours';
RETURN QUERY SELECT
'Recent Permission Changes'::TEXT,
format('%s role assignments in last 24 hours', v_recent_changes),
CASE
WHEN v_recent_changes = 0 THEN 'LOW'
WHEN v_recent_changes <= 10 THEN 'MEDIUM'
ELSE 'HIGH'
END,
'Monitor for unusual permission change patterns';
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
```
## Production Guidelines
### Deployment Checklist
```bash
#!/bin/bash
# production_deployment_checklist.sh
echo "=== C77 RBAC Production Deployment Checklist ==="
# 1. Pre-deployment verification
echo "1. Verifying prerequisites..."
pg_isready -h $DB_HOST -p $DB_PORT -U $DB_USER
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echo "❌ Database not accessible"
exit 1
fi
echo "✅ Database accessible"
# 2. Backup verification
echo "2. Creating pre-deployment backup..."
pg_dump -h $DB_HOST -U $DB_USER $DB_NAME > "backup_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).sql"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "✅ Backup created successfully"
else
echo "❌ Backup failed"
exit 1
fi
# 3. Extension deployment
echo "3. Deploying RBAC extension..."
psql -h $DB_HOST -U $DB_USER -d $DB_NAME -c "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS c77_rbac;"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "✅ Extension deployed"
else
echo "❌ Extension deployment failed"
exit 1
fi
# 4. Health check
echo "4. Running health checks..."
psql -h $DB_HOST -U $DB_USER -d $DB_NAME -c "SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_health_check();"
# 5. Performance baseline
echo "5. Establishing performance baseline..."
psql -h $DB_HOST -U $DB_USER -d $DB_NAME -c "SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_performance_report();"
# 6. Security audit
echo "6. Running security audit..."
psql -h $DB_HOST -U $DB_USER -d $DB_NAME -c "SELECT * FROM public.c77_rbac_security_audit();"
echo "=== Deployment checklist complete ==="
```
### Monitoring Setup
```sql
-- 1. Create monitoring views
CREATE VIEW public.rbac_monitoring_dashboard AS
SELECT
'System Health' as category,
check_name as metric,
status as value,
message as details
FROM public.c77_rbac_health_check()
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Performance' as category,
metric_name as metric,
status as value,
metric_value as details
FROM public.c77_rbac_performance_report()
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Security' as category,
audit_item as metric,
severity as value,
finding as details
FROM public.c77_rbac_security_audit();
-- 2. Create alerting function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.rbac_alert_check()
RETURNS TABLE(alert_level TEXT, alert_message TEXT) AS $
BEGIN
-- Critical alerts
IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM public.c77_rbac_health_check() WHERE status = 'ERROR') THEN
RETURN QUERY SELECT 'CRITICAL'::TEXT, 'RBAC system health check failed'::TEXT;
END IF;
-- Warning alerts
IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM public.c77_rbac_performance_report() WHERE status = 'SLOW') THEN
RETURN QUERY SELECT 'WARNING'::TEXT, 'RBAC performance degraded'::TEXT;
END IF;
IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM public.c77_rbac_security_audit() WHERE severity = 'HIGH') THEN
RETURN QUERY SELECT 'WARNING'::TEXT, 'RBAC security audit found high-risk items'::TEXT;
END IF;
-- Info alerts
IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_policies WHERE policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy') THEN
RETURN QUERY SELECT 'INFO'::TEXT, 'No RBAC policies are currently active'::TEXT;
END IF;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- 3. Scheduled maintenance function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.rbac_maintenance()
RETURNS TEXT AS $
DECLARE
v_cleanup_count INTEGER;
v_result TEXT := '';
BEGIN
-- Refresh materialized views if they exist
BEGIN
REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY user_effective_permissions;
v_result := v_result || 'Refreshed user permissions cache. ';
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
-- View might not exist, skip silently
END;
-- Update table statistics
ANALYZE public.c77_rbac_subjects;
ANALYZE public.c77_rbac_subject_roles;
ANALYZE public.c77_rbac_role_features;
v_result := v_result || 'Updated table statistics. ';
-- Log maintenance completion
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_audit_log (action, success, created_at)
VALUES ('maintenance_completed', TRUE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
v_result := v_result || 'Maintenance completed successfully.';
RETURN v_result;
END;
$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
```
## API Reference
### Core Functions
| Function | Parameters | Returns | Description |
|----------|------------|---------|-------------|
| `c77_rbac_assign_subject` | external_id, role_name, scope_type, scope_id | void | Assign role to user |
| `c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role` | external_id, role_name, scope_type, scope_id | boolean | Remove role from user |
| `c77_rbac_grant_feature` | role_name, feature_name | void | Grant feature to role |
| `c77_rbac_revoke_feature` | role_name, feature_name | boolean | Remove feature from role |
| `c77_rbac_can_access` | feature_name, external_id, scope_type, scope_id | boolean | Check user permission |
| `c77_rbac_apply_policy` | table_name, feature_name, scope_type, scope_column | void | Apply RLS policy |
### Bulk Operations
| Function | Parameters | Returns | Description |
|----------|------------|---------|-------------|
| `c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects` | external_ids[], role_name, scope_type, scope_id | table | Bulk assign roles |
| `c77_rbac_bulk_revoke_subject_roles` | external_ids[], role_name, scope_type, scope_id | integer | Bulk remove roles |
### Management Functions
| Function | Parameters | Returns | Description |
|----------|------------|---------|-------------|
| `c77_rbac_get_user_roles` | external_id | table | Get user's roles |
| `c77_rbac_get_role_features` | role_name | table | Get role's features |
| `c77_rbac_sync_admin_features` | none | integer | Sync features to admin role |
| `c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features` | none | integer | Sync features to global admins |
### Maintenance Functions
| Function | Parameters | Returns | Description |
|----------|------------|---------|-------------|
| `c77_rbac_health_check` | none | table | System health report |
| `c77_rbac_performance_report` | none | table | Performance metrics |
| `c77_rbac_security_audit` | none | table | Security audit results |
| `c77_rbac_show_dependencies` | none | table | Show extension dependencies |
| `c77_rbac_remove_all_policies` | none | void | Remove all RLS policies |
| `c77_rbac_cleanup_for_removal` | remove_data | void | Prepare for uninstall |
### Views
| View | Description |
|------|-------------|
| `c77_rbac_user_permissions` | Complete user permission matrix |
| `c77_rbac_summary` | System overview statistics |
| `rbac_monitoring_dashboard` | Real-time monitoring data |
---
## Conclusion
This comprehensive 5-part usage guide covers everything needed to successfully implement and maintain c77_rbac in production environments. From basic concepts to advanced patterns, framework integration to troubleshooting, this guide ensures you can leverage the full power of database-level authorization for your applications.
**Key Takeaways:**
- Database-level authorization provides consistent security across all application layers
- Row-Level Security automatically filters data without application code changes
- Proper monitoring and maintenance are essential for production deployments
- Security best practices must be followed throughout the implementation
- Performance optimization techniques ensure scalability for large user bases
For additional support and updates, refer to the project documentation and community resources.

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-- c77_rbac--1.0--1.1.sql: Upgrade script from version 1.0 to 1.1
-- Adds bulk operations, removal functions, admin sync, and enhanced error handling
\echo Upgrading c77_rbac from 1.0 to 1.1...
-- Add timestamps to existing tables
ALTER TABLE public.c77_rbac_subject_roles
ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
ALTER TABLE public.c77_rbac_role_features
ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
-- Add new performance indexes
CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_c77_rbac_subjects_external_id_hash
ON public.c77_rbac_subjects USING hash(external_id);
CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_c77_rbac_subject_roles_composite
ON public.c77_rbac_subject_roles(subject_id, scope_type, scope_id);
-- Replace existing functions with enhanced versions
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(
p_external_id TEXT,
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_subject_id BIGINT;
v_role_id BIGINT;
BEGIN
-- Comprehensive input validation with helpful error messages
IF p_external_id IS NULL OR trim(p_external_id) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'external_id cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Provide a valid user identifier',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Provide a valid role name like admin, manager, editor',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_scope_type IS NULL OR trim(p_scope_type) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'scope_type cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Use global, department, region, or custom scope type',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_scope_id IS NULL OR trim(p_scope_id) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'scope_id cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Use "all" for global scope or specific identifier for scoped access',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
-- Validate scope_type against common patterns (warning, not error)
IF p_scope_type NOT IN ('global', 'department', 'region', 'court', 'program', 'project', 'team', 'customer', 'tenant') THEN
RAISE NOTICE 'scope_type "%" is not in standard list. Proceeding anyway.', p_scope_type;
END IF;
-- Insert or get subject
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_subjects (external_id)
VALUES (trim(p_external_id))
ON CONFLICT (external_id) DO NOTHING
RETURNING subject_id INTO v_subject_id;
IF v_subject_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT subject_id INTO v_subject_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
WHERE external_id = trim(p_external_id);
END IF;
-- Insert or get role
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_roles (name)
VALUES (trim(p_role_name))
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING role_id INTO v_role_id;
IF v_role_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT role_id INTO v_role_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = trim(p_role_name);
END IF;
-- Assign role to subject with scope
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_subject_roles (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id)
VALUES (v_subject_id, v_role_id, trim(p_scope_type), trim(p_scope_id))
ON CONFLICT (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id) DO NOTHING;
RAISE NOTICE 'Assigned role "%" to subject "%" with scope "%/%"',
p_role_name, p_external_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id;
EXCEPTION
WHEN unique_violation THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Role assignment already exists'
USING HINT = 'This user already has this role with this scope';
WHEN OTHERS THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Failed to assign role: %', SQLERRM
USING HINT = 'Check that inputs are valid and role exists';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_grant_feature(
p_role_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_role_id BIGINT;
v_feature_id BIGINT;
BEGIN
-- Input validation
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Provide a valid role name',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_feature_name IS NULL OR trim(p_feature_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'feature_name cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Provide a valid feature/permission name',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
-- Insert or get role
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_roles (name)
VALUES (trim(p_role_name))
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING role_id INTO v_role_id;
IF v_role_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT role_id INTO v_role_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = trim(p_role_name);
END IF;
-- Insert or get feature
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_features (name)
VALUES (trim(p_feature_name))
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING feature_id INTO v_feature_id;
IF v_feature_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT feature_id INTO v_feature_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_features
WHERE name = trim(p_feature_name);
END IF;
-- Grant feature to role
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_role_features (role_id, feature_id)
VALUES (v_role_id, v_feature_id)
ON CONFLICT (role_id, feature_id) DO NOTHING;
RAISE NOTICE 'Granted feature "%" to role "%"', p_feature_name, p_role_name;
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Failed to grant feature: %', SQLERRM
USING HINT = 'Check that role and feature names are valid';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Add new bulk assignment function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
p_external_ids TEXT[],
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS TABLE(external_id TEXT, success BOOLEAN, error_message TEXT) AS $$
DECLARE
v_external_id TEXT;
v_success_count INTEGER := 0;
v_error_count INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
-- Validate inputs
IF p_external_ids IS NULL OR array_length(p_external_ids, 1) IS NULL THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'external_ids array cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
-- Process each external_id
FOREACH v_external_id IN ARRAY p_external_ids LOOP
BEGIN
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(v_external_id, p_role_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_id);
external_id := v_external_id;
success := true;
error_message := NULL;
v_success_count := v_success_count + 1;
RETURN NEXT;
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
external_id := v_external_id;
success := false;
error_message := SQLERRM;
v_error_count := v_error_count + 1;
RETURN NEXT;
END;
END LOOP;
RAISE NOTICE 'Bulk assignment complete: % successful, % failed', v_success_count, v_error_count;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Add removal functions
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role(
p_external_id TEXT,
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
DECLARE
v_removed BOOLEAN := false;
v_rows_affected INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Input validation
IF p_external_id IS NULL OR trim(p_external_id) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'external_id cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
-- Remove the role assignment
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr
WHERE sr.subject_id = (
SELECT subject_id FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
WHERE external_id = trim(p_external_id)
)
AND sr.role_id = (
SELECT role_id FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = trim(p_role_name)
)
AND sr.scope_type = trim(p_scope_type)
AND sr.scope_id = trim(p_scope_id);
GET DIAGNOSTICS v_rows_affected = ROW_COUNT;
v_removed := (v_rows_affected > 0);
IF v_removed THEN
RAISE NOTICE 'Revoked role "%" from subject "%" with scope "%/%"',
p_role_name, p_external_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id;
ELSE
RAISE NOTICE 'No role assignment found to revoke for subject "%" role "%" scope "%/%"',
p_external_id, p_role_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_id;
END IF;
RETURN v_removed;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_revoke_feature(
p_role_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
DECLARE
v_removed BOOLEAN := false;
v_rows_affected INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Input validation
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
IF p_feature_name IS NULL OR trim(p_feature_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'feature_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
-- Remove the feature from role
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features rf
WHERE rf.role_id = (
SELECT role_id FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = trim(p_role_name)
)
AND rf.feature_id = (
SELECT feature_id FROM public.c77_rbac_features
WHERE name = trim(p_feature_name)
);
GET DIAGNOSTICS v_rows_affected = ROW_COUNT;
v_removed := (v_rows_affected > 0);
IF v_removed THEN
RAISE NOTICE 'Revoked feature "%" from role "%"', p_feature_name, p_role_name;
ELSE
RAISE NOTICE 'Feature "%" was not granted to role "%"', p_feature_name, p_role_name;
END IF;
RETURN v_removed;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Add admin sync functions
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features()
RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
v_feature_record RECORD;
v_features_synced INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
-- Grant all existing features to 'admin' role
FOR v_feature_record IN
SELECT name FROM public.c77_rbac_features
LOOP
-- Use the existing grant function to ensure consistency
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', v_feature_record.name);
v_features_synced := v_features_synced + 1;
END LOOP;
RAISE NOTICE 'Synced % features to admin role', v_features_synced;
RETURN v_features_synced;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features()
RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
v_role_record RECORD;
v_feature_record RECORD;
v_assignments_made INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
-- Find all roles that have global/all scope assignments
FOR v_role_record IN
SELECT DISTINCT r.name
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles r
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON r.role_id = sr.role_id
WHERE sr.scope_type = 'global' AND sr.scope_id = 'all'
LOOP
-- Grant all features to this role
FOR v_feature_record IN
SELECT name FROM public.c77_rbac_features
LOOP
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_grant_feature(v_role_record.name, v_feature_record.name);
v_assignments_made := v_assignments_made + 1;
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
RAISE NOTICE 'Synced features to % global admin roles', v_assignments_made;
RETURN v_assignments_made;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Add optimized performance function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_can_access_optimized(
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_external_id TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
BEGIN
-- Fast path for NULL external_id
IF p_external_id IS NULL THEN
RETURN FALSE;
END IF;
-- Use optimized query with better indexes
RETURN EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON sr.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_external_id
AND f.name = p_feature_name
AND (
(sr.scope_type = 'global' AND sr.scope_id = 'all') OR
(sr.scope_type = p_scope_type AND sr.scope_id = p_scope_id)
)
);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER STABLE;
-- Update the original function to use optimized version
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_can_access(
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_external_id TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
BEGIN
-- Use the optimized version
RETURN public.c77_rbac_can_access_optimized(p_feature_name, p_external_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER STABLE;
-- Add utility functions
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles(p_external_id TEXT)
RETURNS TABLE(role_name TEXT, scope_type TEXT, scope_id TEXT, assigned_at TIMESTAMP) AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
SELECT r.name, sr.scope_type, sr.scope_id, sr.created_at
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_external_id
ORDER BY sr.created_at DESC;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER STABLE;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_get_role_features(p_role_name TEXT)
RETURNS TABLE(feature_name TEXT, granted_at TIMESTAMP) AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
SELECT f.name, rf.created_at
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles r
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
WHERE r.name = p_role_name
ORDER BY f.name;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER STABLE;
-- Enhance the apply_policy function with better error handling
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
p_table_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_column TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_schema_name TEXT;
v_table_name TEXT;
v_policy_exists BOOLEAN;
v_table_exists BOOLEAN;
BEGIN
-- Input validation
IF p_table_name IS NULL OR trim(p_table_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'table_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
IF p_feature_name IS NULL OR trim(p_feature_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'feature_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
-- Split schema and table name
IF position('.' IN p_table_name) > 0 THEN
v_schema_name := split_part(p_table_name, '.', 1);
v_table_name := split_part(p_table_name, '.', 2);
ELSE
v_schema_name := 'public';
v_table_name := p_table_name;
END IF;
-- Check if table exists
SELECT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE table_schema = v_schema_name
AND table_name = v_table_name
) INTO v_table_exists;
IF NOT v_table_exists THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Table %.% does not exist', v_schema_name, v_table_name
USING HINT = 'Check table name and schema';
END IF;
-- Check if column exists
IF NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.columns
WHERE table_schema = v_schema_name
AND table_name = v_table_name
AND column_name = p_scope_column
) THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Column % does not exist in table %.%', p_scope_column, v_schema_name, v_table_name
USING HINT = 'Check column name spelling';
END IF;
-- Check if policy exists
SELECT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM pg_policies
WHERE schemaname = v_schema_name
AND tablename = v_table_name
AND policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy'
) INTO v_policy_exists;
-- Drop existing policy if it exists
IF v_policy_exists THEN
EXECUTE format('DROP POLICY c77_rbac_policy ON %I.%I', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
RAISE NOTICE 'Dropped existing policy on %.%', v_schema_name, v_table_name;
END IF;
-- Create the new policy
EXECUTE format(
'CREATE POLICY c77_rbac_policy ON %I.%I FOR ALL TO PUBLIC USING (
public.c77_rbac_can_access(
%L,
current_setting(''c77_rbac.external_id'', true),
%L,
%I::text
)
)',
v_schema_name, v_table_name, p_feature_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_column
);
-- Enable and force RLS
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %I.%I ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %I.%I FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
RAISE NOTICE 'Applied RLS policy to %.% requiring feature "%" with scope "%/%"',
v_schema_name, v_table_name, p_feature_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_column;
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Failed to apply policy to %.%: %', v_schema_name, v_table_name, SQLERRM
USING HINT = 'Check table exists and you have sufficient privileges';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Create helpful views
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW public.c77_rbac_user_permissions AS
SELECT
s.external_id,
r.name as role_name,
f.name as feature_name,
sr.scope_type,
sr.scope_id,
sr.created_at as role_assigned_at,
rf.created_at as feature_granted_at
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
ORDER BY s.external_id, sr.scope_type, sr.scope_id, f.name;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW public.c77_rbac_summary AS
SELECT
'Subjects' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total users in RBAC system' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Roles' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total roles defined' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Features' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total features/permissions defined' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_features
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Role Assignments' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total role assignments to users' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Feature Grants' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total features granted to roles' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Active Policies' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Tables with c77_rbac policies applied' as description
FROM pg_policies
WHERE policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy';
-- Grant permissions for new functions
GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION
public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(TEXT[], TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_revoke_feature(TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features(),
public.c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features(),
public.c77_rbac_can_access_optimized(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles(TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_get_role_features(TEXT)
TO PUBLIC;
-- Grant permissions for new views
GRANT SELECT ON
public.c77_rbac_user_permissions,
public.c77_rbac_summary
TO PUBLIC;
\echo c77_rbac successfully upgraded to version 1.1

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-- /usr/share/postgresql/17/extension/c77_rbac--1.0.sql
\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION c77_rbac" to load this file. \quit
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_subjects (
subject_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
external_id TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
scope_type TEXT,
scope_id TEXT
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_roles (
role_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_features (
feature_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_subject_roles (
subject_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_subjects(subject_id),
role_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_roles(role_id),
scope_type TEXT,
scope_id TEXT,
PRIMARY KEY (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id)
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_role_features (
role_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_roles(role_id),
feature_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_features(feature_id),
PRIMARY KEY (role_id, feature_id)
);
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(
p_external_id TEXT,
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_subject_id BIGINT;
v_role_id BIGINT;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_subjects (external_id, scope_type, scope_id)
VALUES (p_external_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id)
ON CONFLICT (external_id) DO UPDATE
SET scope_type = EXCLUDED.scope_type,
scope_id = EXCLUDED.scope_id
RETURNING subject_id INTO v_subject_id;
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_roles (name)
VALUES (p_role_name)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING role_id INTO v_role_id;
IF v_role_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT role_id INTO v_role_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = p_role_name;
END IF;
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_subject_roles (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id)
VALUES (v_subject_id, v_role_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id)
ON CONFLICT (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id) DO NOTHING;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_grant_feature(
p_role_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_role_id BIGINT;
v_feature_id BIGINT;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_roles (name)
VALUES (p_role_name)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING role_id INTO v_role_id;
IF v_role_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT role_id INTO v_role_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = p_role_name;
END IF;
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_features (name)
VALUES (p_feature_name)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING feature_id INTO v_feature_id;
IF v_feature_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT feature_id INTO v_feature_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_features
WHERE name = p_feature_name;
END IF;
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_role_features (role_id, feature_id)
VALUES (v_role_id, v_feature_id)
ON CONFLICT (role_id, feature_id) DO NOTHING;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_can_access(
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_external_id TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT DEFAULT NULL,
p_scope_id TEXT DEFAULT NULL
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
BEGIN
IF p_external_id IS NULL THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'p_external_id must be provided';
END IF;
-- Admin bypass
IF EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_external_id
AND r.name = 'admin'
AND f.name = p_feature_name
) THEN
RETURN TRUE;
END IF;
RETURN EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
AND (p_scope_type IS NULL OR sr.scope_type = p_scope_type)
AND (p_scope_id IS NULL OR sr.scope_id = p_scope_id)
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_external_id
AND f.name = p_feature_name
);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;

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-- c77_rbac--1.1.0.sql: PostgreSQL extension for role-based access control (RBAC)
-- Requires PostgreSQL 14 or later
-- All objects in public schema with c77_rbac_ prefix
\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION c77_rbac" to load this file. \quit
-- Tables
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_subjects (
subject_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
external_id TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_roles (
role_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_features (
feature_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_subject_roles (
subject_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_subjects(subject_id),
role_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_roles(role_id),
scope_type TEXT NOT NULL,
scope_id TEXT,
PRIMARY KEY (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id)
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_role_features (
role_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_roles(role_id),
feature_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_features(feature_id),
PRIMARY KEY (role_id, feature_id)
);
-- Function: c77_rbac_assign_subject
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(
p_external_id TEXT,
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_subject_id BIGINT;
v_role_id BIGINT;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_subjects (external_id)
VALUES (p_external_id)
ON CONFLICT (external_id) DO NOTHING
RETURNING subject_id INTO v_subject_id;
IF v_subject_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT subject_id INTO v_subject_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
WHERE external_id = p_external_id;
END IF;
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_roles (name)
VALUES (p_role_name)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING role_id INTO v_role_id;
IF v_role_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT role_id INTO v_role_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = p_role_name;
END IF;
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_subject_roles (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id)
VALUES (v_subject_id, v_role_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id)
ON CONFLICT (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id) DO NOTHING;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Function: c77_rbac_grant_feature
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_grant_feature(
p_role_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_role_id BIGINT;
v_feature_id BIGINT;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_roles (name)
VALUES (p_role_name)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING role_id INTO v_role_id;
IF v_role_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT role_id INTO v_role_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = p_role_name;
END IF;
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_features (name)
VALUES (p_feature_name)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING feature_id INTO v_feature_id;
IF v_feature_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT feature_id INTO v_feature_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_features
WHERE name = p_feature_name;
END IF;
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_role_features (role_id, feature_id)
VALUES (v_role_id, v_feature_id)
ON CONFLICT (role_id, feature_id) DO NOTHING;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Function: c77_rbac_can_access
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_can_access(
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_external_id TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
BEGIN
IF p_external_id IS NULL THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'p_external_id must be provided';
END IF;
-- Admin bypass (global/all scope)
IF EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.id
WHERE s.external_id = p_external_id
AND f.name = p_feature_name
AND sr.scope_type = 'global'
AND sr.scope_id = 'all'
) THEN
RETURN TRUE;
END IF;
-- Regular access check
RETURN EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.id
WHERE s.external_id = p_external_id
AND f.name = p_feature_name
AND sr.scope_type = p_scope_type
AND sr.scope_id = p_scope_id
);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Function: c77_rbac_apply_policy
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
p_table_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_column TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_schema_name TEXT;
v_table_name TEXT;
BEGIN
-- Split schema and table name
IF p_table_name LIKE '%.%' THEN
v_schema_name := split_part(p_table_name, '.', 1);
v_table_name := split_part(p_table_name, '.', 2);
ELSE
v_schema_name := 'public';
v_table_name := p_table_name;
END IF;
-- Drop existing policy
EXECUTE format('DROP POLICY IF EXISTS c77_rbac_policy ON %I.%I', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
-- Create policy with fully qualified column
EXECUTE format(
'CREATE POLICY c77_rbac_policy ON %I.%I FOR ALL TO PUBLIC USING (
public.c77_rbac_can_access(%L, current_setting(''c77_rbac.external_id'', true), %L, %I.%I.%I)
)',
v_schema_name, v_table_name, p_feature_name, p_scope_type, v_schema_name, v_table_name, p_scope_column
);
-- Enable and force RLS
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %I.%I ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %I.%I FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Grant permissions
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO PUBLIC;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON public.c77_rbac_subjects, public.c77_rbac_roles, public.c77_rbac_features,
public.c77_rbac_subject_roles, public.c77_rbac_role_features TO PUBLIC;
GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_grant_feature(TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_can_access(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT) TO PUBLIC;
-- Set default privileges for future objects
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON TABLES TO PUBLIC;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTIONS TO PUBLIC;

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-- c77_rbac--1.1.sql: Enhanced PostgreSQL extension for role-based access control (RBAC)
-- Requires PostgreSQL 14 or later
-- Production-ready version with bulk operations, removal functions, and enhanced error handling
\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION c77_rbac" to load this file. \quit
-- Tables (unchanged from 1.0)
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_subjects (
subject_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
external_id TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_roles (
role_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_features (
feature_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_subject_roles (
subject_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_subjects(subject_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
role_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_roles(role_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
scope_type TEXT NOT NULL,
scope_id TEXT NOT NULL,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id)
);
CREATE TABLE public.c77_rbac_role_features (
role_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_roles(role_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
feature_id BIGINT REFERENCES public.c77_rbac_features(feature_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (role_id, feature_id)
);
-- Enhanced indexes for better performance
CREATE INDEX idx_c77_rbac_subjects_external_id ON public.c77_rbac_subjects(external_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_c77_rbac_subjects_external_id_hash ON public.c77_rbac_subjects USING hash(external_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_c77_rbac_roles_name ON public.c77_rbac_roles(name);
CREATE INDEX idx_c77_rbac_features_name ON public.c77_rbac_features(name);
CREATE INDEX idx_c77_rbac_subject_roles_subject_id ON public.c77_rbac_subject_roles(subject_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_c77_rbac_subject_roles_role_id ON public.c77_rbac_subject_roles(role_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_c77_rbac_subject_roles_scope ON public.c77_rbac_subject_roles(scope_type, scope_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_c77_rbac_subject_roles_composite ON public.c77_rbac_subject_roles(subject_id, scope_type, scope_id);
-- Enhanced c77_rbac_assign_subject with better error handling
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(
p_external_id TEXT,
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_subject_id BIGINT;
v_role_id BIGINT;
BEGIN
-- Comprehensive input validation with helpful error messages
IF p_external_id IS NULL OR trim(p_external_id) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'external_id cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Provide a valid user identifier',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Provide a valid role name like admin, manager, editor',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_scope_type IS NULL OR trim(p_scope_type) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'scope_type cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Use global, department, region, or custom scope type',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_scope_id IS NULL OR trim(p_scope_id) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'scope_id cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Use "all" for global scope or specific identifier for scoped access',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
-- Validate scope_type against common patterns (warning, not error)
IF p_scope_type NOT IN ('global', 'department', 'region', 'court', 'program', 'project', 'team', 'customer', 'tenant') THEN
RAISE NOTICE 'scope_type "%" is not in standard list. Proceeding anyway.', p_scope_type;
END IF;
-- Insert or get subject
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_subjects (external_id)
VALUES (trim(p_external_id))
ON CONFLICT (external_id) DO NOTHING
RETURNING subject_id INTO v_subject_id;
IF v_subject_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT subject_id INTO v_subject_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
WHERE external_id = trim(p_external_id);
END IF;
-- Insert or get role
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_roles (name)
VALUES (trim(p_role_name))
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING role_id INTO v_role_id;
IF v_role_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT role_id INTO v_role_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = trim(p_role_name);
END IF;
-- Assign role to subject with scope
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_subject_roles (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id)
VALUES (v_subject_id, v_role_id, trim(p_scope_type), trim(p_scope_id))
ON CONFLICT (subject_id, role_id, scope_type, scope_id) DO NOTHING;
RAISE NOTICE 'Assigned role "%" to subject "%" with scope "%/%"',
p_role_name, p_external_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id;
EXCEPTION
WHEN unique_violation THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Role assignment already exists'
USING HINT = 'This user already has this role with this scope';
WHEN OTHERS THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Failed to assign role: %', SQLERRM
USING HINT = 'Check that inputs are valid and role exists';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Enhanced c77_rbac_grant_feature with better error handling
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_grant_feature(
p_role_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_role_id BIGINT;
v_feature_id BIGINT;
BEGIN
-- Input validation
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Provide a valid role name',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
IF p_feature_name IS NULL OR trim(p_feature_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'feature_name cannot be NULL or empty'
USING HINT = 'Provide a valid feature/permission name',
ERRCODE = 'invalid_parameter_value';
END IF;
-- Insert or get role
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_roles (name)
VALUES (trim(p_role_name))
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING role_id INTO v_role_id;
IF v_role_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT role_id INTO v_role_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = trim(p_role_name);
END IF;
-- Insert or get feature
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_features (name)
VALUES (trim(p_feature_name))
ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
RETURNING feature_id INTO v_feature_id;
IF v_feature_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT feature_id INTO v_feature_id
FROM public.c77_rbac_features
WHERE name = trim(p_feature_name);
END IF;
-- Grant feature to role
INSERT INTO public.c77_rbac_role_features (role_id, feature_id)
VALUES (v_role_id, v_feature_id)
ON CONFLICT (role_id, feature_id) DO NOTHING;
RAISE NOTICE 'Granted feature "%" to role "%"', p_feature_name, p_role_name;
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Failed to grant feature: %', SQLERRM
USING HINT = 'Check that role and feature names are valid';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- NEW: Bulk assignment function for performance
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(
p_external_ids TEXT[],
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS TABLE(external_id TEXT, success BOOLEAN, error_message TEXT) AS $$
DECLARE
v_external_id TEXT;
v_success_count INTEGER := 0;
v_error_count INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
-- Validate inputs
IF p_external_ids IS NULL OR array_length(p_external_ids, 1) IS NULL THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'external_ids array cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
-- Process each external_id
FOREACH v_external_id IN ARRAY p_external_ids LOOP
BEGIN
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(v_external_id, p_role_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_id);
external_id := v_external_id;
success := true;
error_message := NULL;
v_success_count := v_success_count + 1;
RETURN NEXT;
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
external_id := v_external_id;
success := false;
error_message := SQLERRM;
v_error_count := v_error_count + 1;
RETURN NEXT;
END;
END LOOP;
RAISE NOTICE 'Bulk assignment complete: % successful, % failed', v_success_count, v_error_count;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- NEW: Remove role assignment function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role(
p_external_id TEXT,
p_role_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
DECLARE
v_removed BOOLEAN := false;
v_rows_affected INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Input validation
IF p_external_id IS NULL OR trim(p_external_id) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'external_id cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
-- Remove the role assignment
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr
WHERE sr.subject_id = (
SELECT subject_id FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
WHERE external_id = trim(p_external_id)
)
AND sr.role_id = (
SELECT role_id FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = trim(p_role_name)
)
AND sr.scope_type = trim(p_scope_type)
AND sr.scope_id = trim(p_scope_id);
GET DIAGNOSTICS v_rows_affected = ROW_COUNT;
v_removed := (v_rows_affected > 0);
IF v_removed THEN
RAISE NOTICE 'Revoked role "%" from subject "%" with scope "%/%"',
p_role_name, p_external_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id;
ELSE
RAISE NOTICE 'No role assignment found to revoke for subject "%" role "%" scope "%/%"',
p_external_id, p_role_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_id;
END IF;
RETURN v_removed;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- NEW: Remove feature from role function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_revoke_feature(
p_role_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
DECLARE
v_removed BOOLEAN := false;
v_rows_affected INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Input validation
IF p_role_name IS NULL OR trim(p_role_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'role_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
IF p_feature_name IS NULL OR trim(p_feature_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'feature_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
-- Remove the feature from role
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features rf
WHERE rf.role_id = (
SELECT role_id FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
WHERE name = trim(p_role_name)
)
AND rf.feature_id = (
SELECT feature_id FROM public.c77_rbac_features
WHERE name = trim(p_feature_name)
);
GET DIAGNOSTICS v_rows_affected = ROW_COUNT;
v_removed := (v_rows_affected > 0);
IF v_removed THEN
RAISE NOTICE 'Revoked feature "%" from role "%"', p_feature_name, p_role_name;
ELSE
RAISE NOTICE 'Feature "%" was not granted to role "%"', p_feature_name, p_role_name;
END IF;
RETURN v_removed;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- NEW: Admin sync functions (referenced in docs but missing)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features()
RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
v_feature_record RECORD;
v_features_synced INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
-- Grant all existing features to 'admin' role
FOR v_feature_record IN
SELECT name FROM public.c77_rbac_features
LOOP
-- Use the existing grant function to ensure consistency
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_grant_feature('admin', v_feature_record.name);
v_features_synced := v_features_synced + 1;
END LOOP;
RAISE NOTICE 'Synced % features to admin role', v_features_synced;
RETURN v_features_synced;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features()
RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
DECLARE
v_role_record RECORD;
v_feature_record RECORD;
v_assignments_made INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
-- Find all roles that have global/all scope assignments
FOR v_role_record IN
SELECT DISTINCT r.name
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles r
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON r.role_id = sr.role_id
WHERE sr.scope_type = 'global' AND sr.scope_id = 'all'
LOOP
-- Grant all features to this role
FOR v_feature_record IN
SELECT name FROM public.c77_rbac_features
LOOP
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_grant_feature(v_role_record.name, v_feature_record.name);
v_assignments_made := v_assignments_made + 1;
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
RAISE NOTICE 'Synced features to % global admin roles', v_assignments_made;
RETURN v_assignments_made;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Enhanced c77_rbac_can_access with performance optimizations
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_can_access_optimized(
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_external_id TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
BEGIN
-- Fast path for NULL external_id
IF p_external_id IS NULL THEN
RETURN FALSE;
END IF;
-- Use optimized query with better indexes
RETURN EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON sr.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_external_id
AND f.name = p_feature_name
AND (
(sr.scope_type = 'global' AND sr.scope_id = 'all') OR
(sr.scope_type = p_scope_type AND sr.scope_id = p_scope_id)
)
);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER STABLE;
-- Keep the original function for backward compatibility
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_can_access(
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_external_id TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_id TEXT
) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
BEGIN
-- Use the optimized version
RETURN public.c77_rbac_can_access_optimized(p_feature_name, p_external_id, p_scope_type, p_scope_id);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER STABLE;
-- Enhanced apply_policy function (unchanged core logic, better error handling)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(
p_table_name TEXT,
p_feature_name TEXT,
p_scope_type TEXT,
p_scope_column TEXT
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
v_schema_name TEXT;
v_table_name TEXT;
v_policy_exists BOOLEAN;
v_table_exists BOOLEAN;
BEGIN
-- Input validation
IF p_table_name IS NULL OR trim(p_table_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'table_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
IF p_feature_name IS NULL OR trim(p_feature_name) = '' THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'feature_name cannot be NULL or empty';
END IF;
-- Split schema and table name
IF position('.' IN p_table_name) > 0 THEN
v_schema_name := split_part(p_table_name, '.', 1);
v_table_name := split_part(p_table_name, '.', 2);
ELSE
v_schema_name := 'public';
v_table_name := p_table_name;
END IF;
-- Check if table exists
SELECT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE table_schema = v_schema_name
AND table_name = v_table_name
) INTO v_table_exists;
IF NOT v_table_exists THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Table %.% does not exist', v_schema_name, v_table_name
USING HINT = 'Check table name and schema';
END IF;
-- Check if column exists
IF NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.columns
WHERE table_schema = v_schema_name
AND table_name = v_table_name
AND column_name = p_scope_column
) THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Column % does not exist in table %.%', p_scope_column, v_schema_name, v_table_name
USING HINT = 'Check column name spelling';
END IF;
-- Check if policy exists
SELECT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM pg_policies
WHERE schemaname = v_schema_name
AND tablename = v_table_name
AND policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy'
) INTO v_policy_exists;
-- Drop existing policy if it exists
IF v_policy_exists THEN
EXECUTE format('DROP POLICY c77_rbac_policy ON %I.%I', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
RAISE NOTICE 'Dropped existing policy on %.%', v_schema_name, v_table_name;
END IF;
-- Create the new policy
EXECUTE format(
'CREATE POLICY c77_rbac_policy ON %I.%I FOR ALL TO PUBLIC USING (
public.c77_rbac_can_access(
%L,
current_setting(''c77_rbac.external_id'', true),
%L,
%I::text
)
)',
v_schema_name, v_table_name, p_feature_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_column
);
-- Enable and force RLS
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %I.%I ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %I.%I FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY', v_schema_name, v_table_name);
RAISE NOTICE 'Applied RLS policy to %.% requiring feature "%" with scope "%/%"',
v_schema_name, v_table_name, p_feature_name, p_scope_type, p_scope_column;
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Failed to apply policy to %.%: %', v_schema_name, v_table_name, SQLERRM
USING HINT = 'Check table exists and you have sufficient privileges';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- NEW: Utility functions for easier management
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles(p_external_id TEXT)
RETURNS TABLE(role_name TEXT, scope_type TEXT, scope_id TEXT, assigned_at TIMESTAMP) AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
SELECT r.name, sr.scope_type, sr.scope_id, sr.created_at
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
WHERE s.external_id = p_external_id
ORDER BY sr.created_at DESC;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER STABLE;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_get_role_features(p_role_name TEXT)
RETURNS TABLE(feature_name TEXT, granted_at TIMESTAMP) AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
SELECT f.name, rf.created_at
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles r
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
WHERE r.name = p_role_name
ORDER BY f.name;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER STABLE;
-- Enhanced cleanup functions (keep existing ones, add new)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_remove_all_policies()
RETURNS void AS $$
DECLARE
policy_record RECORD;
table_count INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
-- Find and remove all c77_rbac policies
FOR policy_record IN
SELECT schemaname, tablename, policyname
FROM pg_policies
WHERE policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy'
LOOP
EXECUTE format('DROP POLICY IF EXISTS %I ON %I.%I',
policy_record.policyname,
policy_record.schemaname,
policy_record.tablename);
-- Optionally disable RLS on the table
EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE %I.%I DISABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY',
policy_record.schemaname,
policy_record.tablename);
table_count := table_count + 1;
RAISE NOTICE 'Removed policy from %.%', policy_record.schemaname, policy_record.tablename;
END LOOP;
RAISE NOTICE 'Removed policies from % tables', table_count;
RAISE NOTICE 'You can now run: DROP EXTENSION c77_rbac CASCADE;';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_cleanup_for_removal(
p_remove_data BOOLEAN DEFAULT false
)
RETURNS void AS $$
BEGIN
-- First remove all policies
PERFORM public.c77_rbac_remove_all_policies();
-- Optionally clear all RBAC data
IF p_remove_data THEN
-- Clear in correct order due to foreign keys
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles;
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features;
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects;
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_roles;
DELETE FROM public.c77_rbac_features;
RAISE NOTICE 'Cleared all RBAC data';
END IF;
RAISE NOTICE 'Cleanup complete. You can now run: DROP EXTENSION c77_rbac CASCADE;';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.c77_rbac_show_dependencies()
RETURNS TABLE(
dependency_type TEXT,
schema_name TEXT,
object_name TEXT,
details TEXT
) AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
SELECT * FROM (
-- Find policies
SELECT
'POLICY'::TEXT as dependency_type,
schemaname::TEXT as schema_name,
tablename::TEXT as object_name,
policyname::TEXT as details
FROM pg_policies
WHERE policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy'
UNION ALL
-- Find tables with RLS enabled
SELECT
'RLS_ENABLED'::TEXT as dependency_type,
schemaname::TEXT as schema_name,
tablename::TEXT as object_name,
'Row Level Security is enabled'::TEXT as details
FROM pg_tables
WHERE rowsecurity = true
AND (schemaname, tablename) IN (
SELECT schemaname, tablename
FROM pg_policies
WHERE policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy'
)
UNION ALL
-- Find stored procedures that might use c77_rbac functions
SELECT DISTINCT
'FUNCTION'::TEXT as dependency_type,
n.nspname::TEXT as schema_name,
p.proname::TEXT as object_name,
'May reference c77_rbac functions'::TEXT as details
FROM pg_proc p
JOIN pg_namespace n ON p.pronamespace = n.oid
WHERE p.prosrc LIKE '%c77_rbac%'
AND n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')
AND p.proname NOT LIKE 'c77_rbac%'
) AS dependencies
ORDER BY dependency_type, schema_name, object_name;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;
-- Grant permissions for all functions
GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION
public.c77_rbac_assign_subject(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_grant_feature(TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_can_access(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_can_access_optimized(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_apply_policy(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_bulk_assign_subjects(TEXT[], TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_revoke_subject_role(TEXT, TEXT, TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_revoke_feature(TEXT, TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_sync_admin_features(),
public.c77_rbac_sync_global_admin_features(),
public.c77_rbac_get_user_roles(TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_get_role_features(TEXT),
public.c77_rbac_remove_all_policies(),
public.c77_rbac_cleanup_for_removal(BOOLEAN),
public.c77_rbac_show_dependencies()
TO PUBLIC;
-- Grant table permissions (read-only, modifications through functions only)
GRANT SELECT ON
public.c77_rbac_subjects,
public.c77_rbac_roles,
public.c77_rbac_features,
public.c77_rbac_subject_roles,
public.c77_rbac_role_features
TO PUBLIC;
-- Explicitly revoke direct modification access
REVOKE INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON
public.c77_rbac_subjects,
public.c77_rbac_roles,
public.c77_rbac_features,
public.c77_rbac_subject_roles,
public.c77_rbac_role_features
FROM PUBLIC;
-- Create view for easier role management and reporting
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW public.c77_rbac_user_permissions AS
SELECT
s.external_id,
r.name as role_name,
f.name as feature_name,
sr.scope_type,
sr.scope_id,
sr.created_at as role_assigned_at,
rf.created_at as feature_granted_at
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects s
JOIN public.c77_rbac_subject_roles sr ON s.subject_id = sr.subject_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_roles r ON sr.role_id = r.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_role_features rf ON r.role_id = rf.role_id
JOIN public.c77_rbac_features f ON rf.feature_id = f.feature_id
ORDER BY s.external_id, sr.scope_type, sr.scope_id, f.name;
GRANT SELECT ON public.c77_rbac_user_permissions TO PUBLIC;
-- Create summary view for administrators
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW public.c77_rbac_summary AS
SELECT
'Subjects' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total users in RBAC system' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_subjects
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Roles' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total roles defined' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_roles
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Features' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total features/permissions defined' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_features
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Role Assignments' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total role assignments to users' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_subject_roles
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Feature Grants' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Total features granted to roles' as description
FROM public.c77_rbac_role_features
UNION ALL
SELECT
'Active Policies' as object_type,
count(*)::text as count,
'Tables with c77_rbac policies applied' as description
FROM pg_policies
WHERE policyname = 'c77_rbac_policy';
GRANT SELECT ON public.c77_rbac_summary TO PUBLIC;

4
c77_rbac.control
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# c77_rbac extension
comment = 'Role-Based Access Control with Row Level Security for PostgreSQL'
default_version = '1.0'
default_version = '1.1'
relocatable = false
schema = public
superuser = false
superuser = false